How do you make grammar for a conlang?

[Vavlar]

I am struggling to understand how to make grammar for conlangs after some research. However, I'm not sure where to start off and so I had decided to pick these Wikipedia articles but the terminology used in the articles does not make sense. I already can easily make the phonetics, writing system, but not grammar.

The list of Wikipedia articles I think are needed but I am not sure of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology#History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics

[Vavlar]

I am still not sure after checking these articles. Is there anyone who can help me understand the grammar terminology?

[Emneshire]

Here's a quick checklist to help you get started:

1. What is the primary word/phrase order?
   Most languages in the world have a primary word order used in default, declarative clauses; this deals with where the subject (S), object (O), and verb are placed in the clause. This will be the basis for your syntax.
   There are six basic permutations on this:
   
   • SOV (subject-object-verb) is the word order used by the largest number of languages; some examples in this group include Japanese, Korean, and Turkish. In a language such as this, "She loves him" would be rendered as "She him loves."
   • SVO (subject-object-verb) languages include English and Chinese. A sentence such as "She loves him" would be unchanged here.
   • VSO (verb-subject-object) languages include Arabic, (Biblical) Hebrew, Irish, and Hawaiian. In these languages, "She loves him" would be rendered as "Loves she him."
   • VOS (verb-object-subject) languages include Fijian and Malagasy. In these languages, "She loves him" would be "Loves him she."
   • OVS (object-verb-subject) languages are uncommon. In these languages, the rendering would be "Him loves she."
   • OSV (object-subject-verb) languages include Xavante and Warao. In these languages, the rendering would be "Him she loves." (This is also how Yoda speaks in Star Wars).
     In addition to that, one must decide whether one's language is noun-adjective (i.e. the red car) or adjective-noun (i.e. the car red) and whether it has prepositions (which come before the noun, i.e. I was in the house) or postpositions (which come after the noun, i.e. I was the house in).
2. What are the pronouns like?
   
   In English, we frequently make use of pronouns such as I, you, he, she, we, or they. English pronouns are declined by person (1st/2nd/3rd, i.e. I vs. you vs. he/she) number (singular/plural, i.e. I vs. we), case (nominative/oblique/genitive/reflexive, i.e. I vs. me vs. my/mine vs. myself), and, in the 3rd Person Singular, gender (masc./fem./neut., i.e. he vs. she vs. it). Your language may have more distinctions or fewer; a good way to get a sense of this is to compare pronouns across two languages you already know.
3. How does the verb work?
   
   Verbs are words that describe actions or states of being, like English "do". Verbal parameters can include tense (which conveys when an action occurred relative to the reference point), aspect (which expresses how the action occurred with reference to time, such as whether it was a completed, continuous, or habitual action) and mood (which expresses the speaker's attitude toward the action of the verb with regard to degree of necessity, obligation, or permission). In English, this is largely handled via auxiliary verbs such as "will" to express the future tense (i.e. "I will walk" vs. "I walk"), whereas in languages with rich verbal paradigms such as Spanish, it can be handled through verbal conjugations (i.e. caminaré "I will walk" vs. camino "I walk"). Once again, I thoroughly recommend comparing verbs in two languages you already know to help get a sense of this.
4. Nouns and Adjectives
   
   Nouns are words that function to describe specific objects or sets of objects, such persons, things, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas. Adjectives are modifier words which further describe the noun to which they refer, or, in some languages, can be used in place of a noun itself (i.e. "the rich" or "the poor"). These may function similarly to the pronouns, as they may have parameters for gender, number, or case; additionally, nouns and adjectives may also have a parameter for "definiteness" (think "(a) cat" [indefinite] versus "the cat" [definite]).
5. Conjunctions
   
   Conjunctions are words which link together clauses, so you'll want to have a few on hand. Some examples of conjunctions in English are but, and, and or.

That should help get started. If you need any help with grammar terms, send me a telegram and I'll explain what I can.