Nations of Steam and Magic [OOC | Closed]

by **Empire of Techkotal** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 8:53 am

1914: Nations of Steam and Magic

OOC THREAD

IC//MAP

OP
Empire of Techkotal

CO-OP's

“There are no impossible obstacles; there are just stronger and weaker wills, that's all!”

– Jules Verne

Steampunk and magic is a fantasy RP, set in a world of alternative history, with magic and steampunk machines. We write the year 1914, the world is a bright and optimistic place, in which every nation strives for glory and progress naively believing in a better future against all signs of danger.

Rewrite your nations history or play as an IRL nation and change the future.

Rules

You can create an original nation, alt history nation or take a IRL nation, but they all have to fit the setting and not be absurdly overpowered.

You can write anything you want in your app, but it has to be properly explained. If it has a good explanation I'm willing to except it, but if it hasn't well don't expect it to go through. So take your time for the app.

Very Important! Behave well in this RP - All the NS rules have to be followed and no unfair behavior is allowed. No meta-gaming, flaming, trolling or god-modding. To ensure that IC conflicts are properly solved you can only state what you do and not how your enemy responds to it. In form of characters that mean no definite hits and in form of wars, that means that your nation can only respond to knowledge, which it obtained in the IC and has been made clear, that you could also get the information.

Very Important! I'm the OP and I decide what is plausible and what isn't. The same goes for OP stuff.

There is magic in this world. Every human has a little bit of it in form of their souls, but there are some who have more. This means, that only few people have enough to use it. The scientific term for the magic you have is called mana and it is innate to every human. But god in his wisdom didn't gift the humans the ability to use it. So humans have to use tools to use their mana. Over millennia, this was achieved through rituals or magic books, scepters, wands, magic swords or pots. Only that this was very unreliable and that getting the knowledge and the tools necessary for it was very expensive. So the few mages throughout history were important historical figures.

But in this modern age were technology made great strides. We have also deciphered magic. Now mages can be found through special examinations and trained in state run academies. Their tools are given by the state and they enjoy a privileged life. Because mages are rare beings. So rare indeed that no one discriminates between female and male mages. There might be a magician for every 100.000 people on earth.

The strength of mage is unknown, but a normal mage who graduated from the magic academy and joined their state as a verified mage, is limited by his small knowledge. Apart from increasing your physical abilities or some small magic spells: like a small fireball, lifting heavy objects or a healing spell most mages are limited by their tools and knowledge of going further. So most of the civilian mages find themselves in civil service as teachers, researchers or doctors.

Military mages get special equipment capable of unleashing greater destructive and defensive powers. As a reference I'm gonna use Youjo Senki, though mages as strong as Tanya are forbidden. Furthermore how you use mages or your equivalent is up to you I'm just gonna limit their overall power. As an example a mage is perfect for special operations behind enemy front lines, as an observer or to make precision bombing of positions, but they can still be killed by explosions, guns or well planes.

You can have magic in your posts to spice up the civilian live, but it is rare and I have limited its military potential. So to make all other options still viable. New magic can be researched in the IC. To add more flavor other cultures you can have your own equivalent for magic and the limit for magic does also apply to your own system. Its just so you can have more fun and use something like African shamans or Asian martial arts.

There are still old artifacts which are very powerful and you can still use the old way of using magic. Also if you want to have something like Howl's castle for a character, as long as I agree to it, you can have it.

Nation Application

Code: Select all: [[Please remove all double brackets from the app before posting it, including this one]] Full Nation Name : Territorial Core : [[The territory that your nation actually controls]] Capital City : [[Its IRL location and name]] Population : Government Type : [[Monarchy, Republic, etc.]] Head of State : [[The highest-ranking individual in the nation ]] Head of Government : [[If different, the highest-ranking individual who actually runs the nation ]] Government Description : Majority/State Religion : [[It does not have to be IRL religion, OPTIONAL]] Religious Description : [[OPTIONAL]] Magic system : [[It doesn't have to be mages]] Magic system Description : [[As detailed as needed and no OP stuff]] Major Production : Economic Description : Development: [[Modern, Semi-Industrialized, or Primitive]] Development Description : [[Explain further why your nation is in one of the above categories]] Army Description : [[Describe your nation's army in as much detail as you can]] Army Weakness : Naval Description : [[Describe your nation's navy in as much detail as you can]] Naval Weakness : Further Military Description : [[OPTIONAL]] National Goals : [[What are the main objectives of your nation?]] National Issues : [[What needs to be fixed in order for your nation to achieve its true potential?]] National Figures of Interest : [[OPTIONAL]] [[Are there any important historical figures that we need to know about?]] National Ambition/Aspirations : [[OPTIONAL]] [[Not really set objectives, but rather the big picture that your nation is drawing towards]] History : [[Can be in paragraph or bulletpoint timeline.]] #Nations of Steam and magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

Reservations

Code: Select all: [align=middle][size=140]Reservation[/size][/align] Nation Name: Territory: #Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps) *Note: Reservations will last for one week. The OP board reserves the right to be subjective in regards to accepting and removing reservations.

by **Empire of Techkotal** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 8:54 am

Accepted Nation Applications
Celtic Defense Council of Éire & Cymru - Zei-Aeiytenia
Empire of Asia - Sao Nova Europa
The Kingdom of Italy - Ormata
Imperium Aeterna - Kaledoria
The nomadic state of Denmark - Undemocacy
Greater Kilwa - New Zoigai
Sveriges och Norges förbund - Kingdom of Bornai
Russian Empire - Union Princes
German Empire - Empire of Techkotal
Austrian Empire - Tracian Empire
Zulu Analytical Commune - - Cybernetic Socialist Republics
Korea - Intermountain States
The Frankish Republic - Nitrana
Empire of Japan - Shohun

by **Empire of Techkotal** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 8:55 am

Accepted Reservations
Switzerland - Remnants of Exilvania
United States of America - Arvenia
Inca Empire - Sonakion

by **Empire of Techkotal** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 8:57 am

Reservation

Nation Name: German Empire
Territory: https://imgur.com/a/8xvvk9s
#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

*Note: Reservations will last for one week. The OP board reserves the right to be subjective in regards to accepting and removing reservations.

by **Tracian Empire** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 9:01 am

Reservation

Nation Name: Austrian Empire
Territory: Austro-Hungarian territories in 1914 and Romania in 1912 (so without Southern Dobrogea)
#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

*Note: Reservations will last for one week. The OP board reserves the right to be subjective in regards to accepting and removing reservations.

by **Empire of Techkotal** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 9:10 am

Tracian Empire wrote:
Reservation

Nation Name: Austrian Empire
Territory: Austro-Hungarian territories in 1914 and Romania in 1912 (so without Southern Dobrogea)
#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

*Note: Reservations will last for one week. The OP board reserves the right to be subjective in regards to accepting and removing reservations.

Accepted

by **Cybernetic Socialist Republics** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 9:36 am

Reservation

Nation Name: Unamed Southern African Republic
Territory:

#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

*Note: Reservations will last for one week. The OP board reserves the right to be subjective in regards to accepting and removing reservations.

by **Tracian Empire** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 9:42 am

Full Nation Name:

The Austrian Empire/German: Kaisertum Österreich/Latin: Imperium Austriacum
The Habsburg Empire/German: Habsburgerreich/Latin: Imperium Habsburgensis
The Habsburg Monarchy/German:Habsburgermonarchie/Latin: Habsburgensis Monarchia
The Austrian Monarchy/German: Österreichische Monarchie/Latin: Austriacum Monarchia
The Danube Monarchy/German: Donaumonarchie/Latin: Danuvium Monarchia

Territorial Core:

Capital City: Vienna/Wien
Population: ~59 million

Government Type: Unitary Absolute Monarchy
Head of State:

His Imperial Majesty, Francis Joseph the First, by the Grace of God Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, King of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Romania, Galicia and Lodomeria and Illyria; King of Jerusalem etc., Archduke of Austria; Grand Duke of Tuscany and Cracow, Duke of Lorraine, of Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola and of Bukovina; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, of Oświęcim, Zator and Ćeszyn, Friuli, Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Zara (Zadar); Princely Count of Habsburg and Tyrol, of Kyburg, Gorizia and Gradisca; Prince of Trent (Trento) and Brixen; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria; Count of Hohenems, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Cattaro (Kotor), and over the Windic march; Grand Voivode of the Voivodship of Serbia.

Franciscus Iosephinus Primus, divina favente clementia Austriae Imperator, Rex Apostolicus Hungariae, Bohemiae Rex, Rex Dalmatiae, Croatiae, Slavoniae, Romaniae, Galiciae, Lodomeriae et Illyriae; Rex Hierosolimae; Archidux Austriae; Magnus Dux Hetruriae; Dux Lotharingiae, Salisburgi, Styriae, Silesiae, Mutinae, Parmae, Magnus Princeps Transilvanae, Marchio Moraviae, Comes Habsburgi, Tyrolis, etc. etc.

Seine Kaiserliche Majestät, Franz Joseph I. von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Österreich, Apostolischer König von Ungarn, König von Böhmen, König von Dalmatien, Croatien, Slawonien und Rumänien, Galicien, Lodomerien und Illyrien; König von Jerusalem, etc; Erzherzog zu Österreich; Großherzog von Toskana und Krakau; Herzog von Lothringen, von Salzburg, Steyer, Kärnthen, Krain und der Bukowina; Großfürst zu Siebenbürgen; Markgraf von Mähren; Herzog von Ober- und Niederschlesien, von Modena, Parma, Piacenza und Guastalla, von Auschwitz und Zator, von Teschen, Friaul, Ragusa und Zara; gefürsteter Graf von Habsburg und Tyrol, Kyburg, Görz und Gradiska, Fürst von Trient und Brixen; Markgraf von Ober- und Niederlausitz und in Istrien; Graf von Hohenems, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc., Herr von Triest, von Cattaro und auf der Windischen Mark, Großwojwode der Wojwodschaft Serbien etc. etc.

Head of Government:

Government Description:

The Austrian Empire is essentially a unitary, absolute, hereditary monarchy under the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The monarch, with the main title of Emperor of Austria, also rules as the monarch of the various other crowns and territories inherited by the dynasty throughout the ages. Administratively, the 1851 Silvesterpatent of Franz Joseph I has served as the basis of the 1866 Constitution known as the "Outline of Rule by Imperial Order", a centralizing, neoabsolutist document. While the names and some traditions of the various realms which were forming the composite Habsburg realm until then were retained, the Austrian Empire was reformed into a truly centralized state, with each administrative unit having its own parliament, elected Minister-President, and appointed Imperial Governor.

Centrally, the monarch, currently, Franz Joseph I of Habsburg-Lorraine, has an unlimited and absolute power through his divine right to rule.The Emperor has all the executive and legislative power in the country, with Imperial Orders, Decrees, and Laws serving as the basis of rule. Judicial power is delegated to local and regional courts and to the higher institution known as the Highest Judicial Office (German: Oberste Justizstelle), which was founded by Maria Theresa in 1749, and which has jurisdiction over all the crown lands of the Austrian Emperor, directly under his power and authority. Legislative power is bestowed by the Emperor to the Imperial Council (Reichsrat), which is divided between the House of Lords appointed by the Emperor, and the House of Deputies, elected by the citizens of the Empire. All laws are subject to the Emperor's approval, and the position of State Chancellor alongside the Imperial Government that he leads are appointed by the Emperor and confirmed by the Imperial Council, subsequently the Emperor bestows executive powers to the State Chancellor and the Imperial Government. In practice, the Emperor has taken somewhat of a passive role and generally approves the laws issued by the Imperial Council without any issue, but political positions that the Emperor personally finds unacceptable have no place in imperial laws.

While political positions are restricted, the freedom to vote has been slowly relaxed so that most male citizens of the Empire can vote, and order within the Empire is maintained through a pragmatic policy that encourages "Kaisertreue", loyalty towards the Emperor. Cultures and populations which maintain that loyalty are rewarded with cultural autonomy, such as the Romanians, who have become strong supporters of imperial rule, while populations which oppose imperial rule, such as the Hungarians, are kept under strict control. The Kingdom of Hungary is the biggest example of this policy. Ever since the 1848 Revolutions, which Franz Joseph has never forgiven, Hungary, reduced to its smallest borders, has been governed as essentially a military state, with imperial authorities being even stricter than in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and with Hungarian minorities throughout the former, larger Kingdom of Hungary being persecuted and kept under control through the empowerment of their regional rivals - Romanians and Saxons in Transylvania, Slovaks in Slovakia, Serbs and Romanians in Vojvodina.

Majority/State Religion: Roman Catholicism
Religious Description: Roman Catholicism is the state religion and is practiced by a majority of people throughout the empire. While the Imperial Government favors Catholicism and encourages conversions and supports Uniate Churches, the Empire generally follows a policy of religious tolerance. Greek-Orthodoxy, Judaism, Islam, various branches of Protestantism all exist throughout the Empire and receive recognition and support from the state as long as they support the Habsburg rule.

Magic system: Kaiserlicher Orden der Rittermagier
Magic system Description:

With traditions going all the way back to the earliest days of the Holy Roman Empire and to the Teutonic Order, the Imperial Order of the Knight-Mages serves as both the association of Austrian mages and as the magic system of the Austrian Empire. The order is essentially a group of aristocratic families which have been practicing magic since the Middle Ages. For centuries, these families have preserved their blood, have adopted magical prodigies and have married into other families of mages with the purposes of creating new generations of mages and of perpetuating the magical traditions, knowledge and spells of those families. All the members of these families are prepared and trained to be a mage from their childhood, which culminates with their participation in one of the three Magical Academies that exist under the blessing of the House of Habsburg. The Theresian Academy in Vienna, the Josephine Academy in Transylvania, and the Elizabethan Academy in Budapest. These academies, innovations of the 19th century, also represent the greatest change and progress experienced by the Austrian system, as through imperial order, they take in both young aristocratic mages, scions of the families of the Order, but also an equal number of talented commoners. Tradition is still maintained however, as the families of the Order seek out these talented commoners and adopt them, granting them noble titles upon graduating.
The magical doctrine of the Knight-Mages is in many ways, representative of Austria itself. An old, noble tradition, coupled with the modern, scientific approach of the new ages, brought together by ideals of chivalry and honor. Each of the families of the Order have their specific specializations and traditions, from the almost vampire inspired blood-magic practiced by the Romanians of the Rațiu and Brâncoveanu families, to the magic that seeks to understand life itself and tries, in vain, to create homunculi of the House of Lamberg, the golems of the House of Schwarzenberg, or even the Celtic crests of the Imperial Counts of O’Donnell von Tyrconnell. A core of families, led by the House of Schönborn, is organizing its mages in the modern, German fashion, where they operate essentially as flying artilery, in a small unit organized with the help of German mages and training. This all however means that the Austrian mages are each focused on their specific fields and can rarely fight as a unit, and all the past, rivalries and other baggage that comes with having an order of noble families that have existed for centuries further makes the situation of the Order complicated, with it pledging its loyalty to the Emperor directly and operating outside of the authority of the Hofkriegsrat.

Major Production: Armaments, locomotives, machinery, porcelain, glass, agricultural products, coal and oil
Economic Description: Austria is a well-developed and still rapidly growing and modernizing European economy. The western territories of the empire, particularly Bohemia and Austria, served as the first industrial centers of the Habsburg realm, and continue to excel as large centers of heavy industry and industrial manufacturing. Machinery, locomotives and automobiles are the greatest exports of the western regions, which also serve as the center of the Empire's steam-based technological production and research, fueled by the empire's large production of coal, with coal mining also serving as an important part of the empire's economy. The eastern territories of the empire however, particularly Hungary and Romania, serve as centers of agriculture and of the food industry, with Austria being a net exporter of food and agricultural products. That is not to say that these regions simply serve as undeveloped rural breadbaskets - Budapest, Cluj and Bucharest have become industrial centers by themselves, with the coal of the Carpathians sustaining them, in some ways being even more modern and flexible than Bohemia and Austria. Romania and Galicia-Lodomeria are also centers of oil production, even if oil itself is still a hotly debated product. The latter province, traditionally considered to be the poorest in the empire, has started to improve as the Imperial-Royal Army has invested massively in its development, through the construction of infrastructure, fortifications, and factories.

Development: Modern
Development Description: Austria is a modern and well-developed European state. While there are some regions in the Empire which are more rural, no regions within the empire could be truly described as "semi-industrialized". The eastern territories of the empire, which missed the opportunity of the First Industrial Revolution have rapidly become centers of the Second Industrial Revolution, experiencing high levels of economic growth and infrastructure development. In terms of infrastructure, Austria can boast one of the best railway networks on the continent - with only Germany having a more extensive railway system, leading to economical and potentially military benefits. All railways are owned and operated by the state company of Imperial-Royal Austrian State Railways. A network of canals and rivers also substantially helps trade and transportation, with the regulation of both the Danube and the Tisza to better facilitate shipping, and the competion of the Vienna-Triest Canal in 1900 allowing a direct Danube-Adriatic Sea link.

Army Description: The Imperial Austrian Army, also known as the Imperial-Royal Army (German: Kaiserlich-königliche Armee), commonly abbreviated to "K.K. Armee", is the main armed force of the Austrian Empire, directly under the command of the Austrian Emperor. It is centralized and led by the Imperial-Royal Aulic War Council (Kaiserliches-königliches Hofkriegssrat), the central military authority in Vienna, subordinated directly to the Emperor and led by the Imperial-Royal Chief of Staff (Kaiserliches-königliches Generalquartiermeister). The standing army numbers 1,200,000 men, recruited from all over the realm, based on a system of compulsory general conscription, with three years of active duty, seven years in the reserve and two years in the Landwehr. German is the official language of the military and is also the language in which orders are to be issued, which requires recruits, regardless of their origin, to learn a basic list of commands and orders known as "Army German". While considered to be quite up to the same standards as the army of the empire's German allies, the Austrian army is considered to be a reflection of Austria itself, the strongest and healthiest part of the state, and a great pillar of support for the monarchy. The soldiers are well trained and well equipped, with straight pull bolt-action rifles and machine guns, with the industrial giants of the Empire, Mannlicher, Steyr and Skoda, providing most of the equipment. Austrian artillery is particularly well known, and considered to be one of the best in the world, particularly its siege artillery and Skoda mortars, with great recent developments in terms of wheeled and tracked artillery tractors made to replace horses. The railways of the Empire are also put to great use, with the K.k. Armee using transport trains and mechanized cranes to facilitate the rapid loading and offloading of artillery. These railways are also hosting armored and artillery trains, but they are designed with a generally defensive role in mind, as potentially hostile neighbors to the Empire are using railways of different gauges. Other types of mechanized experiments also exist, and specialized units have been created that make use of armor and of enhanced body armor.
Army Weakness: The multi-ethnic situation of the empire and of the army is in many ways a major weakness, as not even the use of Army German or of Army Slavic can compensate for the linguistic issues between officers and soldiers, which means that units which aren't German or Romanian often suffer from that perspective. The loyalty of some units can also not be fully trusted, particularly in a situation where the war would be developing against Austria's interests. The army and the Aulic War Council are also perhaps a little bit more old fashioned. While no military in the world is prepared for what a truly global war could entail, Austria is perhaps a little more behind, with its higher officers being strong supporters of the attaque à outrance concept, with the army wearing light blue-gray uniforms, and other such marks of the 19th century. There is also a rather huge divide between the Aulic War Council and its leading officers, with their secret plans and theories, and the rest of the command chain. Lower ranked officers are not encouraged to act independently, and the army lacks sufficient numbers of NCO's. Furthermore, the army itself has fallen victim to a certain level of arrogance, only having prepared itself for conflict against one of its neighbors at at a time, and would struggle to react in conflicts against more opponents. And finally, the much prized artillery of the empire can sometimes act as an independent branch, with coordination between the infantry and the artillery being very limited.
Naval Description: The Imperial Austrian Navy, also known as the Imperial-Royal War Navy (German: Kaiserlich-königliche Kriegsmarine) is the naval force of the Austrian Empire, and today it stands as a moderately powerful force ready to serve Habsburg interests if needed. Currently, the Navy is divided into two. The River Fleet (German: Flussflotte), also unofficially known as the Danube Fleet (German: Donauflotte), and the Adriatic Fleet (German: Adriatische Flotte). The former is basically force built out of small ships used to navigate on rivers, with its strongest force existing on the Danube River, in order to defend the Austrian part of it, and especially the capital of Vienna, but plans for using this force in an offensive manner exist. As such, the Austrian Empire has a relatively strong but still obviously small fleet of river monitors at its disposal. The Adriatic Fleet currently mainly exists with the purpose of maintaining Austrian dominance in the small sea, and with protecting and escorting Austrian merchant ships in the Mediterranean.

This overall strategic view is reflected in the numbers of the K.K. Kriegsmarine, with a total of only 56 vessels - 3 dreadnoughts, 3 semi-dreadnoughts, 6 pre-dreadnoughts, 4 coastal defense ships, 3 armored cruisers, 2 protected cruisers, 4 light cruisers, 25 destroyers and 6 submarines. The three Tegetthoff class dreadnoughts are the peak of Austrian naval power, and are part of the modernization effort of Rudolf Graf Montecuccoli degli Erri, the commmander of the Imperial-Royal Navy, whose plans are aiming for a small, but modern and efficient force. Submarines are and have been a major focus of the imperial naval forces, ever since the Austrian-British invention of the modern torpedo in 1864. A constant field of innovation, the submarines are enjoying an expansion of their numbers as part of an effort to combat the potential of an enemy blockade of the Adriatic.
Naval Weakness: The Imperial-Royal Navy isn't much, as the navy has never been a major focus of Austria. The Navy has remained relatively unknown to the Austrian population, and the general feeling is that the Navy is expensive and unnecessary, which leads to issues with recruitment and with developing a talented officer corps. The modernization plan of Graf Montecuccoli, although implemented, has been so expensive that there is little political will for any further naval expansion programs, and the Austrian navy is smaller than even the Italian force, and as such, it would be unable to face the French or the British head-on in the Mediterranean.
Further Military Description:

National Goals: Maintaining the European status-quo and the continental balance of power, continue the centralization and unification of the Habsburg realm, ensuring the long-term survival and federalization of the peoples living under Habsburg rule, and making sure that Austria manages to keep up with the other great powers of Europe in economical and military terms.
National Issues: The ethnic divide, requests for more autonomy, the cumbersome bureaucracy, hostility from the Hungarian population, an unequal economic development, calls for further democratization
National Figures of Interest: [[OPTIONAL]] [[Are there any important historical figures that we need to know about?]]
National Ambition/Aspirations: A federal, democratic Habsburg state with strong central powers and ethnic harmony.

History:

1848 -1950 Hungarian Revolution. The Hungarian Diet passes the revolutionary April laws, sending a series of demands which the imperial court in Vienna rejects. A crowd in Budapest kills Count Lemberg, the representative of the Emperor. As a response, the Hungarian Diet declares the independence of Hungary, and curtails the rights and aspirations of non-Hungarians living in what they see as Greater Hungary, which leads to ethnic, armed clashes between the Hungarians, the Croats, the Serbs, the Slovaks and the Romanians. Croatia-Slavonia, led by the Habsburg loyalist and conservative Josip Jelačić, mobilizes its forces against the Hungarians. In Transylvania, Romanian revolutionaries led by Avram Iancu pledge their loyalty to the imperial court in exchange for promised freedoms, and with the authorization of Anton Freiherr von Puchner, the imperial governor of Transylvania, form Romanian military units. These units then proceed to engage the Hungarians in battle, and by the end of the year firmly control Transylvania. Despite the moderate views of Avram Iancu and his attempts to reign in his forces, Romanian national guards seek vengeance for past Hungarian massacres. Meanwhile, Romanian revolutionaries overthrow the princes of Moldova and Wallachia, and declare their independence, refusing to continue as vassals of the Byzantines. Ioan Maiorescu, a leading Romanian revolutionary, as part of a series of Romanian diplomatic missions throughout Europe, is sent to Frankfurt am Main, to negotiate with the German revolutionaries. Heinrich von Gagern, president of the Frankfurt Parliament, suggests the unification of Moldova and Wallachia into a united Kingdom of Romania, with a Habsburg prince as its king and under the protection of the German Confederation or soon to be united German state. Being faced with French and British indifference, and Byzantine and Russian hostility, the leading Romanian revolutionaries in both countries agree to the concept. Alecu Golescu-Negru, Wallachian representative in Vienna, makes the proposition, and the imperial court, confident in its position against Hungary and eager to expand its influence towards the Danube, accepts. Franz Joseph, the successor of Emperor Ferdinand, is designated as King of Romania. The Byzantine Empire refuses to acknowledge this and declares war on Austria, its forces advancing into the Romanian principalities. At the end of 1848, Franz Joseph succeeds Ferdinand as Emperor of Austria, effectively uniting Romania with the other Habsburg realms in a personal union. The Hungarian revolution proves difficult to put down, particularly as the war with the Byzantines also endanger Transylvania, Vojvodina and Croatia. Franz Joseph, proclaims the March Constitution of 1849, so called "Imposed Constitution", which confirms the central powers of the monarch and the Neo-Absolutist principles espoused by the new monarch, but, acknowledges a series of freedoms for his "loyal peoples". In fact, this essentially opposes the concept and aspirations of the Hungarians, and supports the rights and local autonomies of the other peoples throughout what had been the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. Romanians in Transylvania, Serbians in Vojvodina, the Slovaks and the Croatians are all essentially granted their own realms away from Hungarian influence, and the Imperial-Royal Army absorbs their national guards. The new imperial forces then begin an all-out offensive against the Hungarian forces, from the west, the south, and the east, and the Hungarian national guards are overwhelmed. The rebellion is crushed with the conquest and sack of Budapest.
1848 -1850 - Germany. With the deteriorating situation in the traditional Habsburg realms, Austria is unable to intervene in Germany and loses control of the German Confederation.
1848 -1850 - Italy. Austria also rapidly loses control of the situation in Italy, with Lombardy and Venice revolting, and Austrian garrisons being pushed out. Feldmarschall Radetzky rallies the remaining Austrian forces after a failed siege of Milan, and after losing the Battles of Goito and Peschiera, decisively defeats the Sardinian forces at the Battle of Custoza. Austrian forces retake most of Lombardy-Venice, defeat the Sardinians again at Novara, and force the Sardinians to sue for peace before also retaking Venice. Radetzky is named Imperial Governor of Lombardy-Venice, and leads a brutal repression of rebels.
1848-1855 - The Balkans. The war between Austria and the Byzantines is initially inconclusive, as the Byzantines are unable to force their way through the Carpathians, or through the fortresses in Vojvodina and Bukovina. But once the revolt in Hungary is suppressed, and the troops from the Italian front return, the Austrians are able to counterattack, pushing into Serbia, and crossing the Danube near the Iron Gates. The Byzantines withdraw, and are defeated in the Battle of Bucharest. With the Austrians threatening to push into Bulgaria, and the Russians unwilling to intervene, peace is signed, and the Romanian Principalities are annexed by Austria, alongside Dobrogea, which grants the Habsburgs control of the Danube Delta.
1859-1866 - Italy. With the refusal of Austria to help Russia during the Crimean War, and with cold relations between it and the newly formed German Empire, Austria is diplomatically isolated in Europe, while Britain and France support Sardinia, which provokes a war with Austria. Austrian arrogance, with its origins in the victories against the Byzantines, covers up the various issues of the Austrian forces. Personally led by Franz Joseph, the Austrian forces are unable to mobilize in time, and are defeated by the joint French-Sardinian forces. Austria loses Lombardy-Venice, and a cold conflict begins in Vienna between Franz Joseph and the Imperial Council. For the next ten years, the politicians and aristocrats in the capital put pressure on the Emperor in order to gain a relaxation of his absolutism, which slows down the program of military reform that had been announced. This eventually culminates in the Third Italian War of Independence, where despite a victory at sea in the Battle of Lissa, and several victories at land, the untenable situation in the home front forces Austria to relent once the Italians occupy Venice. Peace is signed.
1866-present - With the loss of Venice, Austria's other traditional Italian territory in Triest is no longer seen as a huge objective by the Italian irredentist movement, which now focuses itself on the French occupied Savoy - anti-French feelings unite the two former enemies as a detente begins. Wishing to break its diplomatic isolation, Austria finally formally recognizes the German Empire and forms the League of Two Emperors with it, which eventually morphs into the Triple Alliance with Italy joining. Military and political reforms and economic development mark the final part of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, as Austria maintains its position as a great power. However, both in Austria and outside of it, the world is waiting for the inevitable death of Franz Joseph, a man of another age.

#Nations of Steam and magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

by **Empire of Techkotal** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 9:44 am

Cybernetic Socialist Republics wrote:
Reservation

Nation Name: Unamed Southern African Republic
Territory:
(Image)

#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

*Note: Reservations will last for one week. The OP board reserves the right to be subjective in regards to accepting and removing reservations.

Please respect the reservations of others. Or in this case my reservation , in which I claim Namibia and Madagascar as colonies. Apart the rest of the Territory well its a bit to much, but if you come up with a convincing story I'll let it slide. Though you would have to explain how you kept that Territory, while you lost Namibia and Madagascar.

by **Cybernetic Socialist Republics** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 9:52 am

Empire of Techkotal wrote:
Cybernetic Socialist Republics wrote:
Reservation

Nation Name: Unamed Southern African Republic
Territory:
(Image)

#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

*Note: Reservations will last for one week. The OP board reserves the right to be subjective in regards to accepting and removing reservations.

Please respect the reservations of others. Or in this case my reservation , in which I claim Namibia and Madagascar as colonies. Apart the rest of the Territory well its a bit to much, but if you come up with a convincing story I'll let it slide. Though you would have to explain how you kept that Territory, while you lost Namibia and Madagascar.

I can come up with a very convincing story for those borders. The problem is coming up with a convincing story for those borders while losing namibia and madagascar.

by **Empire of Techkotal** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 10:29 am

Cybernetic Socialist Republics wrote:
Empire of Techkotal wrote:
Please respect the reservations of others. Or in this case my reservation , in which I claim Namibia and Madagascar as colonies. Apart the rest of the Territory well its a bit to much, but if you come up with a convincing story I'll let it slide. Though you would have to explain how you kept that Territory, while you lost Namibia and Madagascar.

I can come up with a very convincing story for those borders. The problem is coming up with a convincing story for those borders while losing namibia and madagascar.

That's what I mean, but honestly I would still reduce it a little bit. This might be more easier to pull of: https://imgur.com/a/EZBMlfe
I mean sure its a lot smaller, but it gives room to the other colonial powers, while giving you a sphere of influence. About the history maybe go with a Self governing colony or a free colony, if you want you could also be a native African tribe, in which case your previous borders would be somewhat ok. Only that you would be weaker and the European powers would try to split you up.

by **Kaledoria** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 11:02 am

Reservation

Nation Name: Imperium Aeterna (aka the Byzantine Empire, that survived)
Territory:

#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

by **Cybernetic Socialist Republics** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 11:03 am

Empire of Techkotal wrote:
Cybernetic Socialist Republics wrote:

I can come up with a very convincing story for those borders. The problem is coming up with a convincing story for those borders while losing namibia and madagascar.

That's what I mean, but honestly I would still reduce it a little bit. This might be more easier to pull of: https://imgur.com/a/EZBMlfe
I mean sure its a lot smaller, but it gives room to the other colonial powers, while giving you a sphere of influence. About the history maybe go with a Self governing colony or a free colony, if you want you could also be a native African tribe, in which case your previous borders would be somewhat ok. Only that you would be weaker and the European powers would try to split you up.

Was going for this:

11th Century: Kingdom of Mapungubwe forms, with a palace economy ran similar to the bronze age era mediterranean economies, they return maintain this economic form into the 19th century as their 'noblity' becomes people who participate in its operation.

12th Century: Kingdom of Mapungubwe avoids collapse and isn't replaced by the kingdom of Zimbabwe, instead it expands to the southeast african coast and then along the coastline of south africa and into the interior

14th Century: Trade of Gold and Ivory that's been building uninteruped since 11th century, leads the significant trade ship construction. Additionally, iron and coal is found while mining for gold, with the coal and Iron used for metellergury to produce weapons for export. Meanwhile territtory is expanding toward the congo in search of labor and resources.

16th Century: Contact with Portugese and dutch explorers lead to adopting large scale cotton farming and fabric export to europe, along with copying artillery technology for trading ships.

18th Century: The confluence of large useage of coal, the presence of iron, demand for spinning cotton and famialrity with pressurized vessels from artillery production leads to the creation of the atmospheric engine around the same time its invented in England for similar reasons. Its first deployed above coal mines, then turnning spinning jenny's just like in england before driving an industrial revolution.

19th Century: The need to mange an increasing complex economy leads to a willingness to invest in the construction of difference engines and analytical engines, along with connecting them with telegaphs. At this point the borders are fully filled out.

20th Century: By now the importance of engineering knowledge to operate the engines and therefore the economy has lead to the old royal family and nobility being phased out.

by **Tracian Empire** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 11:09 am

Kaledoria wrote:
Reservation

Nation Name: Imperium Aeterna (aka the Byzantine Empire, that survived)
Territory:
(Image)

#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

A very small mention - my Latin is very limited, but imperium is a neuter noun, so it should be Imperium aeternum I believe.

by **Empire of Techkotal** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 11:32 am

Kaledoria wrote:
Reservation

Nation Name: Imperium Aeterna (aka the Byzantine Empire, that survived)
Territory:
(Image)

#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

Accepted

by **Empire of Techkotal** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 11:35 am

Cybernetic Socialist Republics wrote:
Empire of Techkotal wrote:
That's what I mean, but honestly I would still reduce it a little bit. This might be more easier to pull of: https://imgur.com/a/EZBMlfe
I mean sure its a lot smaller, but it gives room to the other colonial powers, while giving you a sphere of influence. About the history maybe go with a Self governing colony or a free colony, if you want you could also be a native African tribe, in which case your previous borders would be somewhat ok. Only that you would be weaker and the European powers would try to split you up.

Was going for this:

11th Century: Kingdom of Mapungubwe forms, with a palace economy ran similar to the bronze age era mediterranean economies, they return maintain this economic form into the 19th century as their 'noblity' becomes people who participate in its operation.

12th Century: Kingdom of Mapungubwe avoids collapse and isn't replaced by the kingdom of Zimbabwe, instead it expands to the southeast african coast and then along the coastline of south africa and into the interior

14th Century: Trade of Gold and Ivory that's been building uninteruped since 11th century, leads the significant trade ship construction. Additionally, iron and coal is found while mining for gold, with the coal and Iron used for metellergury to produce weapons for export. Meanwhile territtory is expanding toward the congo in search of labor and resources.

16th Century: Contact with Portugese and dutch explorers lead to adopting large scale cotton farming and fabric export to europe, along with copying artillery technology for trading ships.

18th Century: The confluence of large useage of coal, the presence of iron, demand for spinning cotton and famialrity with pressurized vessels from artillery production leads to the creation of the atmospheric engine around the same time its invented in England for similar reasons. Its first deployed above coal mines, then turnning spinning jenny's just like in england before driving an industrial revolution.

19th Century: The need to mange an increasing complex economy leads to a willingness to invest in the construction of difference engines and analytical engines, along with connecting them with telegaphs. At this point the borders are fully filled out.

20th Century: By now the importance of engineering knowledge to operate the engines and therefore the economy has lead to the old royal family and nobility being phased out.

Ok fine. You wont be getting the industrial revolution at the same time as England, but you can have it similar to the Japanese. Apart from that we need only to solve the territorial issue, since your territory is simply to big. If you want more then I suggested you can expand to the north, but not by to much.

by **Union Princes** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 12:14 pm

Reservation

Nation Name: The Russian Empire
Territory: 1914 Russian Empire borders and a puppet regime in Manchuria
#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

*Note: Reservations will last for one week. The OP board reserves the right to be subjective in regards to accepting and removing reservations.

by **Empire of Techkotal** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 12:29 pm

Union Princes wrote:
Reservation

Nation Name: The Russian Empire
Territory: 1914 Russian Empire borders and a puppet regime in Manchuria
#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

*Note: Reservations will last for one week. The OP board reserves the right to be subjective in regards to accepting and removing reservations.

Accepted

by **Cybernetic Socialist Republics** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 1:19 pm

Empire of Techkotal wrote:
Cybernetic Socialist Republics wrote:
Was going for this:

11th Century: Kingdom of Mapungubwe forms, with a palace economy ran similar to the bronze age era mediterranean economies, they return maintain this economic form into the 19th century as their 'noblity' becomes people who participate in its operation.

12th Century: Kingdom of Mapungubwe avoids collapse and isn't replaced by the kingdom of Zimbabwe, instead it expands to the southeast african coast and then along the coastline of south africa and into the interior

14th Century: Trade of Gold and Ivory that's been building uninteruped since 11th century, leads the significant trade ship construction. Additionally, iron and coal is found while mining for gold, with the coal and Iron used for metellergury to produce weapons for export. Meanwhile territtory is expanding toward the congo in search of labor and resources.

16th Century: Contact with Portugese and dutch explorers lead to adopting large scale cotton farming and fabric export to europe, along with copying artillery technology for trading ships.

18th Century: The confluence of large useage of coal, the presence of iron, demand for spinning cotton and famialrity with pressurized vessels from artillery production leads to the creation of the atmospheric engine around the same time its invented in England for similar reasons. Its first deployed above coal mines, then turnning spinning jenny's just like in england before driving an industrial revolution.

19th Century: The need to mange an increasing complex economy leads to a willingness to invest in the construction of difference engines and analytical engines, along with connecting them with telegaphs. At this point the borders are fully filled out.

20th Century: By now the importance of engineering knowledge to operate the engines and therefore the economy has lead to the old royal family and nobility being phased out.

Ok fine. You wont be getting the industrial revolution at the same time as England, but you can have it similar to the Japanese. Apart from that we need only to solve the territorial issue, since your territory is simply to big. If you want more then I suggested you can expand to the north, but not by to much.

Umm, why have get an industrial revolution the same time is japan? Japan's first contact with europeans was around 50 years later than Portugal reaching South africa, they have scarce iron and coal deposits and they're not exactly along any major trade routes?

by **Empire of Techkotal** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 1:34 pm

Its not exactly the same as in Japan, but it will start after the European Industrilaization so at least in the 1840s or later and not to the same degree as the European Revolution.

by **Sao Nova Europa** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 1:37 pm

Reservation

Nation Name: Greek Iran*
Territory: Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Iraq, Aghanistan and (if it is not too much) Pakistan
#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

*Note: Reservations will last for one week. The OP board reserves the right to be subjective in regards to accepting and removing reservations.

*reviving cursed Greco-Iran from AltDiv

by **Empire of Techkotal** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 1:45 pm

Sao Nova Europa wrote:
Reservation

Nation Name: Greek Iran*
Territory: Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Iraq, Aghanistan and (if it is not too much) Pakistan
#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

*Note: Reservations will last for one week. The OP board reserves the right to be subjective in regards to accepting and removing reservations.

*reviving cursed Greco-Iran from AltDiv

Accepted

by **Theyra** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 2:51 pm

Reservation

Nation Name: Vinland
Territory: Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont
#Nations of Steam and Magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

*Note: Reservations will last for one week. The OP board reserves the right to be subjective in regards to accepting and removing reservations.

by **Sao Nova Europa** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 3:02 pm

Full Nation Name: Empire of Asia (Βασίλειο της Ασίας)

Territorial Core: Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria and Saudi Arabia
Capital City: Alexandroupolis (Persepolis)
Population: 44 million

Government Type: Constitutional Monarchy
Head of State: Basileus Antigonos XVII

Head of Government: Prime Minister Dimitrios Gounaris

Government Description:

The Empire is a constitutional monarchy. The Basileus is the head of state and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. He appoints as Prime Minister the politician whom he believes can gain a vote of confidence in the National Assembly. The 400-members strong National Assembly is elected by universal male suffrage every four years, but the Basileus can dissolve it and call for snap elections if he deems that no government can be formed. The Prime Minister is the head of government and leads a Cabinet. He directs domestic and foreign policy, though for legislation to come into law it must pass through the National Assembly.

Below the national government are the Satrapies. Each Satrapy is led by a Satrap, appointed by the Basileus on the consultation of the Prime Minister for a fixed term of five years. Satrapal elections take place every two years to elect a Satrapal Council, the legislative body of the Satrapy. In order for a Satrap to implement his agenda, he must pass it through the Satrapal Council. This means that a Satrap may occasionally have to cooperate with a Satrapal Council controlled by the opposition. Satrapies tend to have limited autonomy, mostly on fiscal, infrastructure and policing issues with the central government maintaining a tight grip on the economical, educational and cultural affairs of Satrapies.

The two major parties of the Empire are:

New Party: Led by Dimitrios Gounaris. It follows the ideology of Diligiannism (named after former party leader Theodoros Diligiannis). Diligiannism promotes economic and social liberalism, lessening the tax burden, reducing the imprint of the state in the economy, attracting foreign private capital, and delegating governmental authority to the Satrapies. It also tends to be more populist in tone.
Nationalist Party: Led by Panagis Tsaldaris, it follows the ideology of Dragoumism (political philosophy of Ion Dragoumis). Dragoumism promotes Greek nationalism, social conservatism, authoritarianism, political centralization, developmentalism, state intervention to finance large-scale infrastructure projects and strengthening the military.

Majority/State Religion: Alexandrian Islam
Religious Description:

Alexandrian Islam is a sect of Islam that alleges that al-Lah (God) is Alexander the Great. It is a syncretism of Islam and the Cult of Alexander, which had deified Alexander the Great. The argument was made on the basis of a clever wordplay by Imperial theologians. The Arabic name for God is al-Lah and the Arabic name for Alexander Iskander. al-Lah Iskander (God Alexander) phonetically sounds like Alexander, so the Greek name Alexander was reinterpreted as God-Iskander. This allowed the Imperial Court to claim Alexander the Great as the God. As the Imperial Dynasty is descended from Alexander the Great, the Basileus is essential a Divine Being and revered far beyond what would expect from a Western monarchy.

Magic system: The 'Order of Shadows'
Magic system Description:

In ancient times, it was believed magic was a gift by the Gods of the Greek pantheon. In medieval times, it was viewed as a gift by al-Lah Iskander. In modern times, magic is viewed as a natural, scientific phenomenon though in rural areas stories of fairies, angels and ancient Godlike creatures are still popular. Sorcerers whose abilities are discovered are sent to specialized state-funded and state-controlled academies, and the ones that show the greatest potential become part of the 'Order of Shadows', a secret service that owes allegiance to the Basileus directly and is tasked with covert operations (such as exterminating internal and external threats). Use of sorcery by non-verified (by the state) sorcerers is forbidden and the penalty is death.

Major Production: Oil, textiles (cotton and silk), carpets, opium, agricultural products
Economic Description:

The major exports of the Empire are coal, minerals and oil. The coal and minerals of the Empire are a state monopoly under the control of the ‘National Minerals Corporation’ (founded in 1879), and contribute greatly to the state budget. Beyond coal and minerals, the Empire has a number of textile (cotton and silk), carpet and manufacturing industries. Asia mainly exports textile and carpet products, both highly-valued due to their quality. Opium is also cultivated in Persia and Bactria but it is mainly exported rather than sold domestically.

Commercial activity (both internal and external) has benefited from a wide-ranging infrastructure development program initiated by the government of Ion Dragoumis. A large number of railways were constructed, thus connecting the Satrapies of the Empire. Paved roads were constructed and expanded, allowing greater connectivity between urban centers. Ports were expanded to accommodate the increased volume of foreign trade, especially in Syria which acts as a hub connecting Europe with India and China.

Despite the industrialization and commercialization of the economy, the majority of the population remains agrarian and agriculture remains the most important economic activity for many. However increased integration in the global economy has meant that there has been increased commercialization of the agricultural economy and an expansion of the big landowners’ class who have expanded their holdings.

Development: Semi-Industrialized
Development Description:

Asia has been industrializing with textile, carpet and manufacturing plants created in major urban centers and coastal towns. The coal industry is booming. A large network of railways, paved roads and expanded ports facilitates increased trade. However the agrarian countryside remains only partially modernized (at best) or is premodern. This is especially true for hilly regions such as Bactria, which remains underdeveloped and premodern.

Army Description:

The Asian military is comprised of 250,000 soldiers, under the control of the central government. While nominally under the command of Basileus, in practice the military is headed by the Chief of General Staff (who also holds the rank of Generalissimo). As a result of an extensive modernization program initiated by the Dragoumis government (1876 - 1889), military equipment was modernized (with large-scale foreign purchases replacing outdated weapons) and foreign military advisors trained Asian officers and supervised the modernization of the military structure. As a result, the Asian military is no longer outdated and is comparable to that of other major industrial powers. The Imperial military has also purchased a number of airships from Western countries, while fairly recently they've began to manufacture native airships. The imperial doctrine is to use airships for support of ground troops.

Army Weakness:

The focus of the military has been placed on defense rather than offense. Military officers have been trained to pursue defensive strategies and the military doctrine is focused on defense. This means that the Asian military is not well suited for offensive operations. The modernized military has also not been tested in an actual military conflict, and so lacks experience.

Naval Description:

The Asian Navy is comprised of a few (pre-dreadnought) battleships and a small number of frigates and steam vessels. The navy - of middle size (greater than that of minor powers but smaller than navies of great industrialized powers) - is mainly tasked with protecting trade in the Mediterranean, the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. It has mostly defensive capabilities. It is manned by about 18,000 sailors.

Naval Weakness:

As the vast majority of government funds went in the direction of modernizing the land forces, the navy was underfunded. While some arms purchases were made, the government did not invest significantly in the navy. Much like the army, the Asian navy lacks offensive capabilities and is meant to be a defensive force to safeguard naval commerce and defend the coasts of the Empire.

Further Military Description:

The military has intervened more than once in domestic politics, with military officers having launched a number of coups. The military is currently dominated by the ideology of Dragoumism and views itself as its guardian. This means that a liberal Prime Minister - as is the current one - will have to placate them to ensure they do not launch a military coup.

National Goals: Safeguard national borders, forge a modern nation-state, develop local industries
National Issues:

While Asia has seen a rapid industrialization of its economy in the past decades, it has still not reached the industrial capacity of the other major powers. Asia also faces political uncertainty due to short-lived governments and a military that has no qualms intervening in domestic affairs.

National Figures of Interest:

The legacy of Ion Dragoumis (Prime Minister: 1876 - 1889) looms large in the Empire. His ideology is the dominant political doctrine in the Empire and has greatly influenced both the political and the military elites of the Empire while his Cult of Personality earned him popular adoration. His nationalist, statist and centralist ideology had the twin goal of forging a nation-state and industrializing the Empire. His political successors aim to fulfil those aspirations while even liberals have to navigate within the doctrines of Dragoumism.

National Ambition/Aspirations: Industrialization, nationalism, status quo in foreign affairs

History:

Alexander's Empire (334 - 143 BC)

In 334 BC, Alexander of Macedon invaded the Achaemenid Empire (Persian Empire) and began a series of campaigns that lasted 10 years. Following his conquest of Asia Minor, Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, including those at Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew King Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River. Alexander endeavored to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and invaded India in 326, achieving an important victory over King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes. He eventually turned back at the Beas River due to the demand of his homesick troops.

Once he returned in Babylon, the task of governing the vast Empire he had created meant that he could no longer afford to wage any more wars of expansion. Alexander in the next few years instituted a series of important administrative reforms. He standardized the monetary system of Empire: the unified silver coinage boosted trade. He enforced Persian Court etiquette on all his subjects, including the Greeks who had previously remained exempt. He adopted the Persian administrative structure of the Satrapies, appointing loyal commanders and aristocrats as Satraps of the various regions of his grand empire.

Alexander also promoted a cult of personality. He had for years promoted the story that he was the son of Zeus-Ammon, and he officially declared himself a God in 315. This Cult of Alexander became even more prominent under his successors, who built grand temples in honor of Alexander and placed him above all other traditional Greek Gods, in order to strengthen their hold on power.

When Alexander died in 303, the Empire was stable and prosperous. Alexander IV, son of Alexander the Great and Princess Roxana, ascended smoothly in the Imperial Throne at the age of 20. Alexander IV promoted trade and commerce. He also crushed a number of Satrap revolts against the central government, further stabilizing the realm. He expelled nomadic raiders from Central Asia, restored ravaged cities, rebuild the citadel of Marv and constructed a rampant of beaten earth and brick (20 meters high and 270 km long) in Marv oasis. In 275 he defeated the Gauls, who raided Minor Asia, with the use of elephants.

Between 270 (when Alexander IV died) and 220, the realm prospered under the guide of three Basileis. Agriculture and commerce were encouraged by the Basileis. They granted hereditary possession of land to farmers who planted on that land. They also undertook public projects of improving roads and harbors and canalized the river Eulaios (Karun), thus establishing a route between Susa and the Persian Gulf. Land was divided into three categories: royal land, which was owned by the Basileus and sometimes granted to farmers, land which belonged to the citizens of the Greek cities, which was allotted to them in exchange for military service, and land allotted to holy temples. The countryside of was dominated by villages where the native peoples (Babylonians, Iranians, Sogdians, etch) lived and were the main fiscal and economic unit. Underground irrigation canals (qanats) played a major role in the economy and agriculture. The native chieftains continued the exploitation of peasants as they had done before the Greeks came.

The native aristocrats were charmed by Greek civilization and accepted nudity in male statues, Greek plays and learned the Greek language. Gradually, the native peoples in the villages also began to learn Greek as the language became essential to taxation and administration, and because their cultural elites had been Hellenized. This spread of the Greek language was gradual would take many centuries.

However, while the Empire prospered economically and culturally, it suffered a number of setbacks too. Pergamon became an independent power under its ambitious Satrap Eumenes while imperial influence in the Greek mainland also waned.

Nikonas II (220 – 187) followed a more active foreign policy, not content with simply ruling his realm. He began to discreetly aid Hannibal, leading to a war with Rome in 214. Roman maniples (aided by allies from the Aetolian League and Pergamon after 211) did little more than skirmish with imperial forces and seize minor territory along the Adriatic coastline in order to "combat piracy". Rome's interest was not in conquest, but in keeping the Empire busy while Rome was fighting Hannibal. The war ended indecisively in 205 with the Treaty of Phoenice. Nikonas opened the bazaars of India to Greek merchants thanks to his military campaigns in the East (205 – 201) and launched an expedition against the Gerrhaens in Arabia to divert spice trade routes from Arabia to Sousa. Spice from Arabia and India came to Susa and proceeded to the West while western merchandise proceeded from Susa to the East.

Nikonas then turned his gaze on from Pergamon and Rhodes. The two Greek states asked Rome to intervene on their behalf. Roman troops led by then consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus reached the plain of Thessaly by 198. In 197 the Romans decisively defeated Nikonas at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, and he sued for peace. The result was the Treaty of Tempea of 196.

While Nikonas had to cease interfering in the Greek mainland as a result of that treaty, he violated its terms leading to renewed war with Rome in 192. A major Roman-Greek force was mobilized under the command of the great hero of the Second Punic War, Scipio Africanus, and set out for Greece. After initial fighting that revealed serious Imperial weaknesses, Nikonas tried to turn the Roman strength against them at the Battle of Thermopylae but he was defeated and forced to evacuate Greece. The Romans pursued the Imperials by crossing the Hellespont, which marked the first time a Roman army had ever entered Asia. The decisive engagement was fought at the Battle of Magnesia, resulting in a complete Roman victory. Nikonas was forced to hand over Macedonia and Western Asia Minor to the Romans in 188.

Nikonas’ death in 186 left the Empire weakened and humiliated, as it had suffered multiple defeats and loss of land at the hands of the Romans. Nikonas’ two sons, Alexander VI and Nikonas III, fought a destructive civil war between 186 and 181 for the succession of the Empire. This allowed Egypt, under the rule of the ambitious Satrap Ptolemy VI, to declare independence. The loss of Egypt meant the loss of valuable revenue and manpower that further weakened the Empire.

The Parthian King Mithridates I (171–139/8) took control of Bactria from the Empire, exploiting the weakness of the Empire. He then expanded westwards, conquering Media and invading Mesopotamia. Basileus Philip V, in order to save the Empire, had to legitimize Mithridates’ conquests by granting him the office of ‘Strategos-Autokrator’ (Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) in 143.

Parthian and Kushan Domination (143 BC - 654 AD)

In 141, Mithridates launched the 21 August Coup, which allowed him to become the real ruler of the Empire. Philip V was confined to being a ceremonial figurehead. He was still accepted as Basileus, he was still paid respect by Mithridates, and orders were still given in his name, but it was Mithridates that governed in practice as a military dictator. Mithridates had chosen this approach because it would legitimize his rule and unify his vast Empire, especially since the Cult of Alexander had gained wide prominence and had turned the Argead Dynasty into a symbol of Divinity.

The Parthians adopted Greek language in court and administration, wrote their edicts in Greek and had their children be educated by Greek scholars. Thus, while the Greeks were no longer the ruling caste, Greek language and culture remained dominant among the governing elites. The Parthians also adopted Greek clothing and way of life, moving away from their nomadic roots.

Arsaces III, successor of Mithridates in the office of Strategos-Autokrator, came into conflict with the Romans over Armenia. In the first Roman-Parthian War of 124 – 121, Roman legions invaded Imperial Syria and Palestine and conquered them in a blow to the Parthian regime. Arsaces spent his next years in office putting down revolts and strengthening the Parthian military in hopes of getting revenge. While he himself would not be able to do so, his successors would. Arsaces also made Ctesiphon the real capital of the Empire. While the Basileus and the Imperial Court would be in Babylon, Arsaces would maintain his own Court in Ctesiphon. This allowed Arsaces to further solidify the Parthian regime.

The Parthians destroyed the army of Marcus Licinius Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae in 53, and in 40–39, Parthian forces captured the whole of the Levant except Tyre from the Romans. However, Mark Antony led a counterattack against the Empire, although his successes were generally achieved in his absence, under the leadership of his lieutenant Ventidius.

For the next decades, peace reigned between the Romans and the Empire. While the Western borders were secured, in the East the Empire faced new challenges. The Kushans, one of the five branches of the nomadic Yuezhi people, migrated from Xinjiang westwards into Bactria. Under their King Kujula Kadphises, between 30 and 67 AD the Kushans inflicted one defeat after the other upon the Imperials. The Strategos-Autokrator Vonones II had to grant Kujula the Satrapy of Bactria officially, thus legitimizing the Kushan conquests but also incorporating the Kushans into the Empire as a subject people. The Kushans, in firm control of the Imperial East, repulsed the Alan invasions.

Hostilities between Rome and the Empire were renewed when Strategos-Autokrator Osroes I deposed the Armenian king Sanatruk and replaced him with Axidares, without consulting Rome. The Roman emperor Trajan had the next Parthian nominee for the throne, Parthamasiris, killed in 114, instead making Armenia a Roman province. His forces, led by Lusius Quietus, also captured Nisibis; its occupation was essential to securing all the major routes across the northern Mesopotamian plain. The following year, Trajan invaded Mesopotamia and met little resistance. Trajan spent the winter of 115–116 at Antioch, but resumed his campaign in the spring. Marching down the Euphrates, he captured Dura-Europos, Ctesiphon, and even subjugated Characene. In the last months of 116, Trajan captured Susa. On Trajan's return north, the Babylonian settlements revolted against the Roman garrisons. Trajan was forced to retreat from Mesopotamia in 117, overseeing a failed siege of Hatra during his withdrawal.

The Empire fought another war against the Romans in 161–166, which began when the Strategos-Autokrator Vologases invaded Armenia and Syria, retaking Edessa. Marcus Aurelius had co-ruler Lucius Verus guard Syria while Marcus Statius Priscus invaded Armenia in 163, followed by the invasion of Mesopotamia by Avidius Cassius in 164. The Romans captured and burnt Ctesiphon to the ground, yet they were forced to retreat once the Roman soldiers contracted a deadly disease (possibly smallpox) that soon ravaged the Roman world.

In 167, Huvishka (the Kushan Satrap of Bactria), revolted against the Strategos-Autokrator. The weakened Parthians could offer little resistance and in 171 the Kushans entered Ctesiphon and Babylon. The Basileus Strato III had to name Huvishka as the new Strategos-Autokrator, ending the Parthian period and beginning the Kushan one. In return, the Kushan Satrap respected Strato III as his nominal ruler and paid respects to him, much like the Parthian rulers before him.

The Kushan period lasted until 681. During this period, the Kushans fought a series of wars against the Romans (337 – 363, 421 – 422, 440, 502 – 506, 526 – 532, 541 – 562, 572 – 591 and 602 – 628). In the 570s, the Empire also fought a series of wars with the Aksumites over the the Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen. Despite some initial victories, Imperial forces were defeated and driven off Yemen by the Aksumites. The Kushans also lost control of their Indian holdings due to invasions by nomads from the North and the Gupta Empire in the South.

Under Kanishka I the Great (590 – 628), the Kushans captured much of the Roman Empire's territories, earning the Strategos-Autokrator the epithet "the Victorious". However, Kanisha was deposed by his own son when the Romans, under the brilliant leadership of Heraclius, invaded the Imperial heartland.

Kanishka II (628 – 651) was an equally brilliant leader. He put down revolts against his rule and incorporated White Hun nomads into his army to make up for the losses in manpower of the last years. Despite his efforts, though, the Empire was too weak to defend Mesopotamia against the Arab invaders in 633. Khalid ibn al-Walid conquered Babylon in 636, forcing the Basileus and the Imperial Court to abandon the ancient Imperial Capital and follow the Strategos-Autokrator in Susa, Persia. In the Battle of Susa, 639, Kanishka defeated the Arabs and so prevented an Arab conquest of Persia. In 640 both sides agreed to a truce.

Kanishka spent his remaining years rebuilding Imperial power in Persia and defending the Imperial possessions in Central Asia from nomadic raiders. In 652, Basileus Timotheos II married Princess Atikah bint Yazid, granddaughter of Caliph Mu'awiya I. Timotheos died in 654, leaving Atikah as the Basilometor (Βασιλομήτωρ – Empress Dowager) of their son, Basileus Ioannes II.

Imperial Restoration and Seljuk Domination (654 - 1219)

Ioannes II was educated as a Muslim. Many Imperial courtiers too embraced Islam, under the influence of the Empress Dowager. When Ioannes became eighteen years of age in 670, he wanted to both reform the religion of the Empire and restore Imperial direct rule. In his quest, he was aided by the fact that the turmoil of the last decades had caused religious uncertainty and the rise of various religious sects, undermining the traditional religion.

Ioannes promoted a form of Islam which, through a clever wordplay, alleged that al-Lah was Alexander the Great. This would both make conversion easier (as it would align with the Cult of Alexander and the traditional faith of the Empire) and retain the divine status of the Argead Dynasty.

Ioannes’ reforms though did not pass unchallenged. The Strategos-Autokrator Kipunada attempted to depose the Basileus in 671, but with the defeats that the Empire had suffered under Kushan rule, the Strategos had lost much of his prestige many generals sided with the Basileus. Kipunada was captured and beheaded, and direct rule by the Basileus was restored.

In 674, with the Umayyads besieging Constantinople, Ioannes led an Imperial army into Mesopotamia. The Arabs were unprepared to fight a war on two fronts and Ioannes recaptured the lost Imperial lands of Mesopotamia. In 677 the two sides agreed on a truce. This victory by Ioannes allowed him to solidify both his rule and his religious reforms, as he could claim divine favor. He funded the training of a native Islamic clergy that propagated the Alexandrian version of Islam and built a number of impressive Mosques.

Ioannes ushered a period knows as the ‘Imperial Restoration’ lasting from 671 to 981. During that time period the Basileus was once again the real ruler of the Empire. Centralized control was strengthened further by the reforms of Basileus Alexios II (701 – 745) who stripped Satraps of their military power; instead the provincial military would be under the command of a Merarchos. This weakened provincial autonomy.

This period was also a Golden Age in the economy and culture. In the field of the economy, it saw expansion of agricultural production, flourishing of cities with increased urbanization, and trade with both the West and the East. On culture, it saw the construction of thousands of mosques, a flourishing of Greek literature and plays, a revival of Greek philosophy, important works on mathematics and geometry and the establishment of the House of Wisdom, a grand public library and intellectual center in Babylon.

This period also saw Hellenization completely prevail in Persia. In the past the efforts at Hellenization had been successful at Hellenizing the native elites and also many cities and villages, but parts of the countryside had resisted that process. But with the center of the empire having been moved in Persia – with Susa as imperial capital –, Hellenization in Persia intensified and prevailed completely.

This period also saw the beginning of Islamic expansionism in India. Imperial armies campaigned in Makran and Zabulistan in the later half of the seventh century, while Muslim expansionism ramped up in the next century. In 710, general Nikiphoros conquered Sindh. Between 720 and 810, a series of wars took place in the Indian frontier but the native Hindu dynasties managed to successfully resist Imperial incursions deeper into India itself. This led to loss of control of Sindh, as local Muslim Rajput dynasties emerged and became independent of Imperial control.

In the ninth century the decline of the Empire began. Court factionalism and a series of incompetent Basileis with little interest in ruling meant that the influence of the central government waned once more. The Merarchoi, the leaders of military units in the Satrapies, saw their influence grow. One such Merarchos, Theodoros of Mosul, rose in open revolt against the Imperial Court in 981 and captured Susa. The Basileus had to name Theodoros Strategos-Autokrator; the era of direct rule by the Basileis was over.

From 981 to 1037, the dynasty of Theodoros ruled as Strategoi-Autokratores. They restored centralized control but they also lost a number of cities in Central Asia to Turkic nomadic tribesmen (who converted to Alexandrian Islam and launched raids deep into India). They also failed to check corruption in government. The Seljuk Turks, led by Tughril Beg, abandoned their homeland near the Aral Sea and descended on Persia through Central Asia. They defeated the Imperial armies. With the Empire facing the prospect of annihilation, Basileus Alexios IV deposed the Strategos-Autokrator Nikolaos and offered the title to Tughril Beg. Tughril, who had converted to Islam, accepted the title as it would offer him control of the entire Empire and legitimize his rule.

Seljuk warriors invaded Anatolia and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. Turkic warriors flooded Anatolia in the aftermath of the battle, establishing semi-autonomous Emirates in Central Anatolia, despite Imperial efforts to keep them under the control of the central government. Turkic warriors - with Seljuk support - conquered Northern India and Bengal between 1175 and 1205. However this Ghurid Empire (as it became known) refused to accept Imperial control and became an independent polity, despite some attempts by the Seljuks to impose their control over them. The Ghurid Empire soon evolved into the Delhi Sultanate and Islam spread across most parts of the Indian subcontinent.

Mongol Domination (1219 - 1658)

Under Seljuk domination, the Empire initially experienced a period of renewed prosperity and martial prowess, managing to fend off Arab incursions. But this was not to last. Strategos-Autokrator Toghrul III refused to submit, so Genghis Khan declared war in 1219. The Mongols overran much of the eastern part of the empire, occupying many major cities and population centers between 1219 and 1221. Eastern Persia was ravaged by the Mongol detachment under Jebe and Subutai, who left the area in ruin. With Toghrul III dead, the Imperial armies rallied behind the leadership of Basileus Alexander XVI. Alexander repulsed the first Mongol attempt to take Central Persia. However, Alexander was overwhelmed and crushed by Chormaqan's army sent by the Great Khan Ögedei in 1231. The whole of Persia came under Mongol rule and Alexander had to retreat with the Imperial Court to Babylon, in Mesopotamia.

In 1244, the Mongols stopped raising of revenue from districts in Persia and offered tax exemptions to others. Möngke Khan prohibited ortog-merchants (Mongol-contracted Muslim traders) and nobles from abusing relay stations and civilians in 1251. He ordered a new census and decreed that each man in the Mongol-ruled Middle East must pay in proportion to his property.

Hulagu Khan, third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was an ambitious man. Immediately after his brother Möngke's accession as Great Khan in 1251, Hulagu was appointed as administrator of Mongol Persia and was given a fifth of the entire Mongol army. In 1258 he besieged Babylon, intent on conquering the whole of the Greek Empire.

After months of siege, Hulagu captured the Imperial Capital. While it was common practice for Mongols to sack cities that resisted them, Hulagu restrained his men. He spared the city and had Basileus Markos II brought before him. Hulagu was not content with being a vassal for the Great Khan and knew that in order to become independent he needed some justification: his Muslim Persian advisors had counselled him to seek the office of Strategos-Autokrator. This would legitimize his rule and pacify the population, which was still hostile to Mongol rule. It would also mean that Hulagu would no longer be a vassal of the Great Khan. Hulagu heeded their advice and accepted Basileus Markos as his nominal sovereign while he got the title of Strategos-Autokrator. With the Great Khan too busy with the Song Dynasty of Southern China and internal troubles, Hulagu’s move went unchallenged.

So the Empire was once more unified, under Mongol domination. Hulagu’s first moves were to reorganize the administration of the Persia, by adopting the traditional Satrapal administrative structure of the Empire. He also employed a number of Muslim Persian advisers. His court and administration adopted Greek language. The realm was stabilized after decades of warfare. Hulagu fell ill in February 1265 after several days of banquets and hunting. He died on 8 February and his son Abaqa succeeded him in the summer.

Abaqa converted to the Alexandrian form of Islam, and so did most of the Mongols. This further reinforced Mongol rule over the Empire. Abaqa and his successors issued new coinage, reformed the tax system to make it more efficient and fair, undertook a number of irrigation projects and reconstructed the cities ravaged by the Mongol invasions. The Empire was once more prosperous as commerce and trade flourished while agricultural production returned to pre-conquest levels. The population in turn grew too.

In the 1330s, the Empire was ravaged by the Black Death. This caused a new period of instability known as the Times of Trouble (1331 – 1367), during which a number of Strategoi-Autokratores succeeded each other in rapid succession, often by murder and our coup. In 1367, Bahador launched a successful coup against his brother and became the new Strategos-Autokrator. He spent the next two decades putting down revolts and reimposing centralized control while also keeping foreign enemies at bay.

This ushered a new era of reconstruction. Commerce once again flourished and the Strategoi-Autokratores patronized arts and culture. New roads were paved while the monetary system was stabilized once more. The era of increased prosperity, though, also saw increased decadence in the Court. In the latter half of the 15th century, Satrapies became semi-independent. One ambitious Satrap was Jenkshi, a man of Mongol origins and Satrap of Fars. He revolted against the Strategos-Autokrator and in 1501 captured Susa. The Basileus in Babylon recognized Jenkshi as the new Strategos-Autokrator of the Empire.

Jenkshi moved the capital of the Strategos-Autokrator from Susa to the ancient city of Persepolis (renamed Alexandroupolis to honor Alexander the Great), which he reconstructed grander than ever with the loot he had captured during the conquest of Susa. He also reformed the administrative system of the Empire. Provincial administration would now be fourfold: a Satrap as a political overseer, a Merarchos as military commander, a Dikastes as High Judge and in charge of the judicial system and an Oikonomikos responsible for tax collection. Unlike in the past, those offices would not be hereditary and would be appointed by the central government. Tenure in those offices would also be restricted to a maximum of ten years, to prevent someone from building up a local power base. This reform centralized administration in a way that had never been done before. Jenkshi and his successors promoted a system of meritocracy. Whereas in the past aristocrats were guaranteed administrative positions, now they had to prove themselves worthy of the position. This fostered a professionalism in administration and reduced corruption.

The period between 1501 and 1658 is known as a ‘Golden Age’. Economic growth was fueled by the renewed political stability, which allowed the agriculture to thrive as well as trade to flourish as the Empire’s geographical position meant many goods passing from East to West and vice versa moved through the Empire. Good roads were constructed by the Strategoi-Autokratores to support the expanded international commerce. During this time period the Empire, the Empire launched an invasion of the Mamluk Sultanate (1509) that conquered Syria and Arabia. This allowed the Empire to gain access to the Mediterranean for the first time in centuries, which increased the flow of commerce in the Empire. The Empire also fought a series of wars in Sindh and enforced imperial dominance in what was called "Greek India".

Early Modern Empire (1658 - 1853)

1658 was the year when Suleiman died. His successors were weak-minded and unable to enforce the centralized control of past Strategoi-Autokratores, leading to a number of revolts and coup attempts by ambitious provincial leaders and military commanders. In 1691, the Strategos-Autokrator Toggontomor was successfully deposed by General Andragoras who took the office for himself. But Andragoras faced a coalition of generals who opposed his coup in civil war that lasted ten bloody years and saw widespread massacres and destruction. While Andragoras prevailed, the Empire was but a shadow of its former self.

So when Pashtun tribesmen in the Satrapy of Bactria rose up in revolt under the leadership of the brilliant and ambitious Nader Afshar, the Strategos-Autokrator Andragoras II had to recognize their rule over Bactria. But Nader was not content with being the ruler of Bactria. In 1724 he declared himself the rightful Strategos-Autokrator. In a series of campaigns lasting up to 1736, Nader defeated both the armies of Andragoras II and a number of provincial rival military and political leaders. So when his army entered Persepolis in 1736, the Empire was completely his. Basileus Manuel II recognized him as Strategos-Autokrator and centralized control over the Satrapies was restored.

Nader launched an invasion of India in 1739. His ingenious military tactics allowed him the conquest of a large part of Punjab and the sack of Delhi, which brought valuable loot to adorn the Imperial capital. As a result of his brilliant military campaigns, Nader was given the nickname ‘Second Alexander’ though some balked at his comparison with the God. Nader’s increasingly tyrannical behavior, arbitrary executions and comparison with the God led to his assassination in 1747 by disgruntled courtiers.

His nephew, Adel, tried to maintain control but he was overthrown in 1756 by general Anastasios. Anastasios, now Strategos-Autokrator, would prove a competent administrator. Unlike Nader who enforced centralization through military campaigns, Anastasios preferred to coopt local elites by offering tax exemptions and government offices until he could become powerful enough to gradually strip them of those benefits. This gradual approach worked better at enforcing the control of the imperial center over the Satrapies.

From 1756 to 1853 Anastasios’ successor ruled over the Empire. They oversaw a period of renewed economic growth as the Empire began to recover from the chaos of the past few decades. They also sponsored a number of Greek plays, the construction of hundreds of new Mosques and saw a boom in painting and poetry. Domestically, they kept the Satrapies under strict centralized supervision while in foreign affairs they followed a policy of isolationism which safeguarded the borders of the Empire but also meant that it began to fall behind technologically compared to other powers in the West and East. Western colonial powers in the 19th century forced the Empire to accept a series of humiliating unequal treaties, which were highly unpopular both in the military and in the populace at large.

Modern History (1853 onwards)

#Nations of Steam and magic (Do not delete this, it is used to keep track of the apps)

by **Intermountain States** » Fri Sep 02, 2022 5:29 pm

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Nations of Steam and Magic [OOC | Closed]

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