The Looming Storm [Imperial Brazil's Lore Thread]

by **Imperial Federation of Brazil** » Wed Jan 26, 2022 10:10 am

Imperial Federation of Brazil
Federação Imperial do Brasil

Welcome to the Imperial Federation of Brazil's lore thread, where any kind of information about the IFB can be found. Sit back, relax, and take a cup of coffee - just be careful not to spill it over the Encylopedia Brasiliana! Yes, this thread will be presented in three ways: the main one will be simulating an encyclopedia; the second one emulating a newspaper, and the third one reserved for special occasions will be simulating a radio broadcast - in full 1930s fashion! No televisions or internet; only papers and shortwave radios!

Contents

1. Countries of the World

by **Imperial Federation of Brazil** » Wed Jan 26, 2022 10:12 am

Overview

Imperial Federation of Brazil

Federação Imperial do Brasil (Portuguese)

Flag

Location
Motto:
"Independence or Death!"
Capital and Largest City: Rio de Janeiro
Official Language: Portuguese
Regional Languages: Spanish [Uruguay, Acre]
Amerindian languages (Guarani, Tupi, Nheengatu, etc.) [Amazonian Region]
German dialects (Hunsrik, East Pommeranian, etc.) [Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina]
Italian dialects (Veneto, Friulian, etc.) [Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo]
Yoruba [Rio de Janeiro, Bahia]
Arabic [São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul]
Japanese [São Paulo, Paraná]
Polish [Paraná]
Belarusian [Rio Grande do Sul]
Ukrainian [Paraná]
Russian [Rio Grande do Sul]
English [Uruguay]
Ethnic Groups (2020 Census):
52.6% White
29.6% Mixed
13.5% Black
2.8% Asian
1.5% Amerindian
Religions (2020 Census):
70% Roman Catholicism
10.2% Protestantism
4.8% Eastern Orthodoxy
3.6% Afro-Brazilian Religions
3.1% Irreligion
1.5% Judaism
1.1% Japanese Religions
0.8% Islam
0.5% Animism
0.4% Oriental Orthodoxy
4% Other Religions
Demonym: Brazilian
Government: Federal constitutional monarchy
Emperor: Dom Luís de Orléans e Bragança
Prime Minister: Antônio Carlos de Andrada (Liberal-MG)
Minister of Foreign Relations: Afrânio de Melo Franco (Liberal-MG)
Minister of Economy: Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (Liberal-RS)
Population (1930 Census): 57,518,000 (13th)
GDP per Capita (1936): $45,292 (16th)
GDP (1936): $504,960,000 (6th)
Currency: Real (R$)
Ruling Party: Liberal Party

The Imperial Federation of Brazil (Brazilian Portuguese: Federação Imperial do Brasil), more commonly referred to as Brazil, is a federal representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy in South America, being the only independent monarchy in the Americas. Formerly a colony of the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil became the seat of the Portuguese Empire in 1808 when the Portuguese court fled Portugal during the Napoleonic invasion. Following the defeat of Napoleon, Portuguese king Dom João VI departed to Portugal, leaving his eldest son and heir, Prince Pedro, as the regent of the Kingdom of Brazil. However, after a Portuguese attempt to demote Brazil back to the status of colony, Prince Pedro declared the independence of Brazil on 7 September 1822. Prince Pedro successfully waged war against his father's kingdom, and on 12 October 1822 was acclaimed Dom Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil. The new country was immense, sparsely populated, and diverse.

Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of more than 7,500 kilometers. It borders all countries in South America with the exception of Chile and covers almost half of the continent's area. Its Amazon basin includes a vast tropical rainforest, home to diverse wildlife, many ecological systems, and extensive natural resources. This makes Brazil one of the few megadiverse countries. The geography of Brazil also includes semi-arid regions, savannas, temperate forests, and grasslands.

Brazil is a regional hegemon in South America and is one of the eight great powers, having the sixth-largest economy in the world and the third-largest military. Brazil also possesses a high standard of living - the highest among the eight great powers - with a GDP per capita of $8,779. It is one of the world's major breadbaskets, being the largest producer of coffee for the last 100 years and one of the most important producers of rubber. Brazil is also an industrial powerhouse. Major contributions to the Brazilian economy come from the electronics industry, automobile manufacturing, and aviation. Before the 1932 World Depression, Brazil had the lowest unemployment rate in the world, with only 0.72% of the population unemployed.

Etymology

The word "Brazil" likely comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil. Brasil means "red like an ember", formed from brasa (ember) and the suffix -il (from iculum or illium). As Brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the textile industry of Europe, turning brazilwood into the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil.

In the Guarani language, an Amerindian language (and also an official language of Brazil's neighbor Paraguay), Brazil is called "Pindorama", meaning "land of the palm trees".

History

Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory of current day Brazil had an estimated indigenous population of 7 million people, mostly semi-nomadic tribes, who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The Amerindian population comprised several groups, such as the Tupis, the Guaranis, and the Gês. Before European arrival, boundaries between these groups were marked by wars that came from cultural, moral, and linguistic differences. These wars involved cannibalistic rituals on prisoners of war.

Brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on 22 April 1500, with the arrival of a fleet led by Pedro Álvares Cabral. The Portuguese encountered indigenous people divided into many groups, but most of them spoke the languages of the Tupi-Guarani family. The first Portuguese settlement was founded in 1532, and colonization effectively began in 1534 when King John III of Portugal divided Brazil into fifteen private and autonomous captaincy colonies. However, the decentralized and unorganized administration of the colonies proved to be unsustainable, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the Governorate General of Brazil. The Governorate's capital, Salvador, housed the government of a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America.

In the first two centuries of colonization, indigenous peoples and European settlers lived in constant warfare, creating opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against each other. Cane sugar was Brazil's main export, and slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan Africa were the main Brazilian import. Brazil received almost three million slaves from Africa between 1500 and 1800. By the end of the 17th century, sugar exports began to decline, and the Bandeirantes, a group of slavers and adventurers of mixed indigenous and Portuguese origin, discovered gold in 1690, marking the beginning of the Brazilian Gold Rush. The Gold Rush attracted many new settlers, and this period of increased immigration caused conflicts between newcomers and old settlers. The Bandeirantes also expanded the Brazilian borders during the 17th century. In the same period, other European powers tried to colonize Brazil, such as the French in Maranhão and the Dutch in Pernambuco, although these attempts failed and never were tried again.

In 1807, the Napoleonic Empire invaded Portugal, causing Prince Regent João, in the name of Queen Maria I, to move the royal court from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, the latter city being the capital of Brazil. Once arriving in the colony, they established Brazil's first financial institutions, such as local stock exchanges and its National Bank. They also ended the Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opened Brazil to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the Portuguese conquest of French Guiana, which was formally returned to France following the Congress of Vienna of 1815.

In 1814, after the end of the Peninsular War, the European courts demanded the return of the Portuguese court to Lisbon. In 1815, as a justification to continue living in Brazil, the Crown created the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, thus establishing a pluricontinental transatlantic monarchic state. In 1821, acceding to the demands of revolutionaries, who declared independence from Brazil, Dom João VI left for Lisbon, leaving his son Prince Pedro de Alcântara as Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil.

In 1822 the Portuguese Cortes tried to demote Brazil back to the status of colony. The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro supported the Brazilians, declaring independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. The Brazilian War of Independence was fought from 1822 to 1824, as the Portuguese garrisons in Brazil refused to recognize independence. Upon intervention from the United Kingdom, Portugal was urged to recognize Brazilian independence, doing so on 12 February 1825.

However, shortly after the independence war was over, the United Provinces of La Plata invaded Brazil, seeking to annex the Spanish-speaking Brazilian province of Cisplatina. A tough war ensured, and despite initial victories by the Argentines, Brazil managed to defeat the Platine Armada. After the Battle of Monte Caseros, Brazil offered peace to the Argentines, but the government refused. As a result, Emperor Dom Pedro I ordered the barrage of the Argentine capital, Buenos Aires, a decision that resulted in the death of a quarter of the Argentine population and the complete destruction of Buenos Aires. Following the Great Fire of Buenos Aires, Britain decided to intervene in the war, establishing peace between the two warring countries. The Argentines, beaten and humiliated, were forced to accept defeat and renounce all claims on the eastern bank of the Plata River.

In March 1826, Dom Pedro I's father, King João VI of Portugal, died. As a result, Pedro I inherited the Portuguese crown. However, the Brazilian emperor decided to abdicate in favor of his daughter, Maria II. In 1828, Maria's throne would be usurped by Pedro I's younger brother, Prince Miguel. Further difficulties arose in 1826, when the Empire's parliament, the General Assembly, was opened. Dom Pedro I, supported by a large portion of the legislature, argued for an independent judiciary, a popularly elected legislature, and a government that would be led by the emperor who held broad executive powers. The majority, however, argued for a less influential role for the monarch, with the legislative branch being dominant in policy and governance. The debate over whether the government should be dominated by the monarch or the parliament lasted until 1831 when Dom Pedro I abdicated the Brazilian throne and sailed to Portugal. He had decided to leave his five-year-old son as the Brazilian monarch and departed to his mother country to assist his daughter in the Portuguese Civil War.

Prince Pedro, the son and heir of Dom Pedro I, would have to wait until 1843 to become emperor. A regency was elected to rule the country, however, the Regency held few of the powers exercised by a monarch and was completely subordinated by the General Assembly. The Regency was unable to solve most issues, especially those pertaining to disputes between national and local political factions. Believing that granting greater autonomy to the provincial governments would be a good idea to diminish dissent, the General Assembly passed a constitutional amendment in 1834, the Ato Adicional (Additional Act). However, instead of ending the ensuing chaos, the new powers granted to local governments only fed local rivalries. A period of generalized violence erupted throughout Brazil, as local parties competed with ferocity to control provincial and municipal governments. The parties that lost the elections would rebel and try to take the government by force. This led to several rebellions, such as the Cabanagem, the Sabinada, the Ragamuffin War, and the Balaiada.

The national politicians who had become familiar with the rebellions believed that only a neutral figure could solve these issues and ensure Brazil's survival. In July 1840, the parliament passed a law lowering the age of majority from 18 to 14. As a result, Pedro II was declared fit to rule, thus bringing an end to the anarchic Regency in an act that is widely known as the Golpe da Maioridade (Majority Coup).

Under Dom Pedro II, Brazil went from a rural and illiterate country to an industrializing one. In 1843 the British-Brazilian Railway Company started the construction of a nationwide railway network, connecting Montevideo to Natal. In 1845 the British government passed the Aberdeen Act, which authorized British warships to board Brazilian ships and arrest anyone participating in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. In 1847 Brazil passed the Eusébio de Queirós Law, which banned the Transatlantic Slave Trade and granted the power to Brazilian authorities to combat slave trafficking. By 1850, the United Kingdom had accepted that the international slave trade in Brazil was eliminated. In 1848, Slavery was abolished in the province of Cisplatina. In turn, this would make the Spanish-speaking province a hotbed for slaves seeking to escape from the slave provinces of the North. In 1848, a rebellion erupted in the province of Pernambuco. The rebels, inspired by the Springtime of Nations, sought to reform the corrupt and inefficient judiciary, limit the powers of the emperor, establish a federal system of government, end press censorship, and implement universal suffrage. The revolt lasted for six months before being crushed in early 1849.

Despite the immediate failure of the liberal rebels, the Praiera Revolt (as it became known) did achieve some of its goals. After appointing a liberal cabinet, emperor Dom Pedro II started a period of reforms in Brazil. In 1850 the Cardoso de Carvalho Law ended censorship, causing the beginning of a revolution in Brazil. In 1851 the Senate Reform Act was narrowly approved by the General Assembly; it reformed the Senate, abolishing lifelong terms. Also, most seats of the senate would be elected by the population, although some seats were reserved for those appointed by the Emperor. In 1853 the Lei de Terras (Homestead Act) was passed. It reformed private property laws in Brazil, being a major factor in attracting new immigrants. The Lei de Terras displeased the landed elite, as they felt betrayed by the emperor and his liberal "goons", who took away centuries-old privileges and traditions. The rural elite began organizing a rebellion against the government, establishing the first organized republican movement in Brazil. In 1856 the elite of the province of São Paulo founded the Paulista Republican Party, marking the beginning of a perpetual struggle between monarchists and republicans.

In 1855, after intense debate in the General Assembly, Brazil became the first country outside of Europe to adopt Universal suffrage - all free adult males older than 21 became apt to vote. No longer voting would be restricted to those with wealth or status. This controversial law was yet another factor that fomented the fears of landowners. In 1860 the electoral system was reformed, dealing the final blow to the decadent system controlled by the local landed elites. Brazil had turned into a full democracy, a nation that enjoyed internal peace and stability unlike any other in Latin America. Despite the prosperous period of peace Brazil was enjoying, the rural, conservative aristocracy only cared about their profit. The slaveholding landed aristocracy of the farms and estates feared that they would lose importance to the people of the urban centers, who voted en masse for the Liberal Party. By allowing common people (and by common I mean free, literate males) to vote in democratic and fair elections, the fears of the landed aristocracy were concretized: the Liberal Party began to dominate Brazil, passing progressive laws that allowed Brazil to grow. However, such growth took away the power from the aristocracy, and without power, they also lost a large share of profit.

In 1862 the Argentine dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas, allied himself with Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano López. Together, they elaborated a plan that would split Brazil between Paraguay and Argentina. The Paraguayans would annex the Brazilian provinces of Paraná and Santa Catarina, while Argentina would get Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul. In 1863, such plans were intercepted by Brazilian spies, though. The Brazilian emperor, Dom Pedro II, called the army reservists and ordered the naval blockade of Argentine ports. The Argentines, in counterpart, invaded the province of Uruguay (then named Cisplatina). Paraguay attempted to take Brazilian forts in the province of Mato Grosso, but they failed miserably, allowing Brazil to counter-attack and capture 10,000 Paraguayan soldiers in the first months of the war.

On August 1864 Brazil engaged the Argentine fleet in the Bay of La Plata. The Argentines, despite having support from ground artillery, were beaten by the numerically superior Brazilian navy. In 1865 the Argentines were pushed out of Uruguay, thus marking the beginning of the Brazilian counter-attack against Argentina. By 1867, Paraguay was already defeated, and its dictator Solano López was killed by a Brazilian lancer. In 1870 the war finally came to an end, with the Sacking of Buenos Aires, in which Juan Manuel de Rosas preferred to kill himself instead of renouncing or being captured.

by **Imperial Federation of Brazil** » Fri Jan 28, 2022 6:31 am

Government of Brazil

Brazil is a federal constitutional parliamentary monarchy, which is divided into 25 provinces, one autonomous city (the Município Neutro - Neutral Municipality), and two territories. The Neutral Municipality, Rio de Janeiro, is the capital of Brazil. The Brazilian federal government is divided into four branches: the executive, headed by the monarch; the legislative, headed by the Prime Minister; the judiciary, headed by the President of the Supreme Court; and the moderating power, also headed by the monarch. The monarch has the final say in executive decisions and shares power with the Prime Minister in legislative affairs. The monarch is tasked with ensuring stability and international sovereignty. The emperor, however, has almost no way to impose his will upon the legislative branch of government other than dissolving or extending legislative sessions.

The authority granted to the General Assembly through the Constitution means that the parliament is not a rubber-stamp body. The General Assembly is capable of enacting, revoking, and suspending laws. The legislature also has the power to authorize or deny expenditures and taxes and alone it conducts government loans and debts. The legislative is also tasked with matters related to national defense and welfare. Regarding foreign policy, the General Assembly shall be consulted about declarations of war, international treaties, and other matters pertaining to foreign affairs.

The judiciary is independent of other branches of government. Until 1916 the Emperor was tasked with appointing judges to the Supreme Court. Nowadays, the Emperor may appoint the Supreme Court president from a pool of candidates chosen by the Brazilian Judicial Organization (the OJB). The OJB also elects the judges of the Supreme Court, who are required to be experienced career judges who have passed the Teste de Admissão Supremo (Supreme Admission Exam). Neither the monarch nor the General Assembly has control over the Brazilian Judicial Organization.

The moderating power (Poder Moderador), is the fourth branch of government in Brazil. The moderating power is held by the monarch, who has the powers of:

Summon the General Assembly for extraordinary sessions;
Ratify or veto resolutions from the General Assembly;
Extend or dissolve the General Assembly, thus holding new elections;
Concede amnesty.

Politics of Brazil

Prior to the formation of the Progressive League in 1864, Brazil had been dominated by two parties: the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. Nowadays, the number of parties represented in the General Assembly rose to 20. The end of bipartisanship brought many reforms, but also destabilized the country. Only in the last eight years, almost 30 parties were created or ceased to exist. The economic and political crisis of the late 1920s caused a major shift in Brazilian politics. Voter apathy decreased and extremism increased. Mass movements began to dominate politics, with parties such as the Brazilian Communist Party, the Brazilian Integralist Action, and the Immortalist Legion of Brazil rising to prominence.

What you see below is a list of the largest parties in Brazil, as of 1936:

Name	Initials	Founding	Leader	Senate [75]	Chamber of Deputies [539]	State Legislators [422]	Province Governors [26]	Ideology
Conservative Party Partido Conservador	PC	1836	Mário de Pimentel Brandão	4	0	1	12	Social conservatism, Fiscal conservatism, Centralism, Constitutional monarchism
Liberal Party Partido Liberal	PL	1837	Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada	4	0	1	12	Social liberalism, Economic interventionism, Federalism, Constitutional monarchism
Progressive League Liga Progressista	LP	1864	Pedro Ernesto Batista	4	0	1	12	Social democracy, Progressivism, Secularism
National Republican Party Partido Republicano Nacional	PRN	1890	Pedro Manuel de Toledo	4	0	1	12	Social conservatism, Confederalism, Republicanism
Brazilian Republican Party Partido Republicano Brasileiro	PRB	1903	Raul Pilla	4	0	1	12	Classical liberalism, Parliamentarism, Republicanism
Brazilian Communist Party Partido Comunista Brasileiro	PCB	1904	Luís Carlos Prestes	4	0	1	12	Marxism, Communism, Atheism
Democratic Liberal Party Partido Democrático Liberal	PDL	1906	Vital Soares	4	0	1	12	Classical liberalism, Constitutional monarchism
Social Democratic Party Partido Social Democrático	PSD	1910	Roberto Simonsen	4	0	1	12	Centrism, Populism
Immortalist Legion of Brazil Legião Imortalista do Brasil	LIB	1910	Oswald de Andrade	4	0	1	12	Immortalism, "Seven Continents Under a Single Flag", Accelerationism
Ruralist Democratic Union União Democrática Ruralista	UDR	1926	Joaquim Francisco de Assis Brasil	4	0	1	12	Economic liberalism, Agrarianism, Republicanism
Brazilian Integralist Action Ação Integralista Brasileira	AIB	1926	Gustavo Barroso	4	0	1	12	Brazilian Integralism, Fascism, Political Catholicism
Brazilian Unity Unidade Brasileira	UB	1930	Francisco Campos	4	0	1	12	Immortalism, Brazilianism, Fascism
Christian Progressive Party Partido Progressista Cristão	PPC	1931	Flores da Cunha	4	0	1	12	Christian democracy, Distributism
Social Nationalist Party Partido Social Nacionalista	PSN	1931	Caio Prado Júnior	4	0	1	12	Left-wing nationalism, Republicanism
Republican Socialist Party Partido Socialista Republicano	PSR	1932	Abel Chermont	4	0	1	12	Democratic socialism, Republicanism
Workers and Peasants' Block Bloco dos Operários e Camponeses	BOC	1932	Octávio Brandão	4	0	1	12	Libertarian socialism, Communism
Internationalist Communist League Liga Comunista Internacionalista	LCI	1933	Aristides Lobo	4	0	1	12	Trotskyism, Communism
National Black Front Frente Negra Nacional	FNN	1933	José Correia Leite	4	0	1	12	Black Brazilians' rights, Civic nationalism
Democratic Socialist Party of Brazil Partido Socialista Democrático do Brasil	PSDB	1933	Herculino Cascardo	4	0	1	12	Democratic socialism, Centralism
Brazilian Nationalist Party Partido Nacionalista Brasileiro	PNB	1934	Protógenes Guimarães	4	0	1	12	Civic nationalism, Centrism

by **Imperial Federation of Brazil** » Fri Aug 05, 2022 11:13 am

On 14 June 1936, approximately 19 million Brazilian citizens - among men and women - were apt to exercise their right to choose their representatives. Turnout was 77.5%, the highest turnout rate since the end of compulsory voting in 1880. Brazilian voters elected 539 Federal deputies and 75 senators, alongside state legislators. The 1936 election was marked by political violence, widely practiced by radical elements of both the right and left-wing. Such violence undoubtedly influenced the results of the general election, which saw an increase in the votes of the Immortalists, Integralists, and Communists.

Coalitions and Alliances

The 1936 Brazilian General Election was one of the few elections in Brazil to see the formation of broad coalitions. Since the end of the decade of 1920, more than 20 political parties were founded, with half of them winning seats in the General Assembly.

Conservative Alliance

The Conservative alliance was composed of the following parties:

Conservative Party
Christian Progressive Party
Brazilian Nationalist Party

The Conservative Alliance (Aliança Conservadora) supported the manutention of the monarchy, minimal governmental intervention in the economy, tougher restrictions on immigration (especially Asian immigration), a ban on communist parties, the revitalization of the Brazilian railway network, and censorship on arts (a dilemma sparked by the controversy caused by the "Humans in Nature" expo).

Liberal-Progressive Coalition

The Liberal-Progressive Coalition (Coligação Liberal-Progressista) was composed of the following parties:

Liberal Party
Progressive Party
Social Democratic Party

The Liberal Coalition supported the end of public funding for political parties, the manutention of the monarchy, an interventionist economic stance, keeping an open borders immigration law, and the extension of suffrage for the illiterate.

Republican Front

The Republican Front (Frente Republicana) was composed of the following parties:

National Republican Party
Brazilian Republican Party
Ruralist Democratic Union

The Republican Front was composed of parties with varying views, from presidentialism to parliamentarians, from conservatism to liberalism. The only factor able to keep these three parties together was their desire to hold a referendum on the monarchy's status, which was deemed a "relic of a dark age" by the republicans.

Brazilian Union For Change

The Brazilian Union For Change (União Brasileira Pela Mudança) was composed of the following parties:

Immortalist Legion of Brazil
Brazilian Unity

Both are Immortalist parties, albeit each has its own goals. The Legion desired to limit the power of the monarch, abolishing the Moderating Power, while the Brazilian Unity was more preoccupied with assuming an interventionist role in international affairs.

Popular Front

The Popular Front (Frente Popular) was composed of the following parties:

Brazilian Communist Party
Social Nationalist Party
Republican Socialist Party
Democratic Socialist Party of Brazil

Led by the Communists under Luís Carlos Prestes, the Popular Front was composed of left-wing parties who sought to abolish the monarchy, enact land reform, and abolish the draft. The radical factions of the Popular Front, however, were not shy about their wish to install a dictatorship of the proletariat in Brazil.

Other Parties

The Brazilian Integralist Action, inspired by a Catholic variant of Immortalism, sought to install a theocracy in Brazil.

The Democratic Liberal Party wished to reduce taxes and welfare spending.

The National Black Front lobbied for the rights of Black Brazilians.

The Internationalist Communist League and the Workers and Peasants' Block were communist parties with similar goals: to install a dictatorship of the proletariat in Brazil. The difference was that the Internationalists were supported by Trotsky, while the Block lacked significant support.

by **Imperial Federation of Brazil** » Fri Aug 05, 2022 11:28 am

1936 American Presidential Election

The 1936 United States presidential election was the 38th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1936. During the Great Depression, incumbent Workingmen President Norman M. Thomas was defeated by Communist Activist Earl Browder from Kansas. The elections were marked by the fact that seven different candidates managed to carry at least one state. Since no candidate won the minimum necessary 266 votes in the electoral college, the House of Representatives had to elect a president out of the three most voted candidates in the election - Earl Browder, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Huey P. Long. After days of long debates and gridlock, Earl Browder acquired a majority of the House of Representatives votes and was elected president of the United States of America, becoming the first democratically elected communist head of state in the world.

The election was marked by political violence, inflamed speeches, and general disturbance. Clashes between supporters of different parties became intensified after an assassination attempt on presidential candidate Huey Long, who was shot twice but survived following a risky day-long surgery. During September, as the opinion polls demonstrated that no candidate had a clear chance of winning the election, political violence increased to unprecedented levels, urging then-president Norman M. Thomas to proclaim a state of emergence. This provoked the ire of the right-wing, who feared a coup by the unpopular Workingmen's Party president would attempt a coup. Thanks to the mismanagement of his government and the fearmongering promoted by the opposition, Norman Thomas' campaign was affected to such an extent that he performed poorly than Richard Washburn Child, from the American Fascist Union, who was previously unknown to the American public.

The seven main candidates of the 1936 American presidential election were:

Franklin D. Roosevelt, from the Democratic Party;

Robert A. Taft, from the Republican Party;

Charles Coughlin, from the National Party;

Huey Long, from the American League;

Richard Washburn Child, from the American Fascist Union;

Norman Thomas, from the Workingmen's Party;

and Earl Browder, from the Communist Party of the United States.

Electoral Map of the 1936 Presidential Election

The Looming Storm [Imperial Brazil's Lore Thread]

The Looming Storm [Imperial Brazil's Lore Thread]

Imperial Federation of Brazil - Overview

Imperial Federation of Brazil - Politics

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