Passed General Assembly Resolutions

[Imperium Anglorum]

Disaster Precautions and Responses
A resolution to improve world security by boosting police and military budgets.

Category: International Security
Strength: Mild
Proposed by: Morover

Text: The General Assembly,

Recognizing the recent repeal of Resolution 105, “Preparing For Disasters”,

Believing that the niche of disaster preparedness to now be notably empty, and seeking to fill it with necessary legislation,

Henceforth enacts the following into World Assembly law:

1. For the purposes of this resolution, “disaster” refers to any unintentional disturbance of the social order, especially one resulting in widespread death or destruction of property.
   
   
2. The World Assembly Disaster Bureau (WADB) is tasked with the creation, operation, and maintenance of systems designed to detect and predict disasters.
   
   
3. All individuals or organizations which are responsible for any structures or similar systems especially prone to disasters in the case of failure of said systems or reasonably likely natural event are required to apply routine maintenance to these systems, and create risk assessments as to the probability of any disasters, the scale of the disaster, and feasible ways to ensure that such disasters never come to fruition. These risk assessments shall be sent in full to the WADB.
   
   
4. Member-nations are urged to create appropriate response plans to potential disasters, and to initiate the formation of disaster response forces, which should help reduce the effect of any disasters, should they occur.
   
   
5. The creation of nationally-based systems in order to gather and disseminate information regarding imminent and ongoing disasters is strongly encouraged.
   
   
6. The WADB shall share information on imminent and ongoing disasters detected to national governments as needed, alongside recommended response and prevention plans. Outside of the information directly needed to be shared to any affected nations by a detected disaster, all information disclosed to the WADB by member-nations shall be kept confidential. In extreme cases, the WADB may request intervention by a third-party for aid to be sent to the affected nations, in coordination with the International Humanitarian Aid Coordination Committee.
   
   
7. Member-nations met with a financial burden as a result of this resolution are permitted to submit a request for aid to the WADB, which shall be evaluated and responded to promptly, with approval based on the level of demonstrable need for aid, at the discretion of the WADB. In response, the WADB may supply manpower or financial aid through the World Assembly General Fund.
   
   
8. Non-member-nations are permitted to submit information on potential or ongoing disasters to the WADB, but information submitted by non-member-nations shall be met with high levels of discretion in order to prove their accuracy. In cases where non-member-nations are at high risk, the WADB is permitted to provide information on imminent or ongoing disasters, on a discretionary basis. Non-member-nations are not permitted to receive the aid, as laid out by this resolution.
   
   
9. The WADB is instructed to research techniques and technologies to help detect, prevent, and respond to disasters. In the instance that these techniques and technologies prove useful, the WADB is instructed to make information regarding relevant research readily available to member-nations. The WADB is permitted to make a discretionary call in the case that the research undergone has produced particularly worrying or concerning results, that should be kept out of the hands of potentially malicious actors that it may reach if publicly released.
   
   
10. The WADB is instructed to work with relevant committees as necessary in order to ensure that all disaster situations are handled with the utmost efficiency and care.
    
    
11. This resolution is not to be construed as preventing or getting in the way of any prior or future legislation regarding more specific instructions or regulations on disasters.

Votes For: 9 483 (77.1%)
Votes Against: 2 817 (22.9%)

Implemented Sat 21 Aug 2021

[GA 570 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Access to Transgender Hormone Therapy
A resolution to modify universal standards of healthcare.

Category: Health
Area of Effect: Healthcare
Proposed by: Honeydewistania

Text: The World Assembly,

Heralding the efforts made by GA#467 "Affordable Transgender Hormone Therapy" which ensured that transgender individuals could easily access hormone therapy for medical transition,

Recognising, however, that the resolution does not go far enough in ensuring that transgender individuals receive the medication they need, such as through the exclusion of puberty blockers from the definition of "hormone therapy",

Totally believing that a supplementary resolution is required to resolve these issues, hereby:

1. Defines "hormone therapy" as any medical treatment using hormones or chemicals that reduce their effect which is carried out on a person effectively and with minimal risk to their health for the sole purpose of aligning their sexual characteristics with their gender identity (or lack thereof),
   
   
2. Requires member nations to allow their inhabitants to seek and obtain hormone therapy with their free and informed consent, and ensure that those inhabitants face as few barriers as possible when seeking hormone therapy,
   
   
3. Mandates that the process of seeking and obtaining hormone therapy cost no more than the fees absolutely necessary for the manufacturing and distribution of hormone therapy, and very strongly urges member nations to waive any and all costs inhabitants may have to pay when seeking and obtaining hormone therapy,
   
   
4. Forbids any entity from:
   1. denying hormone therapy to any person, except where a legitimate danger to their health would arise as a result,
   2. requiring any person to seek or obtain hormone therapy,
   3. coercing anyone to seek or obtain hormone therapy, and further forbids entities from coercing people to not seek or obtain hormone therapy.

Votes For: 11 643 (85.7%)
Votes Against: 1 935 (14.3%)

Implemented Wed 25 Aug 2021

[GA 571 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Equal Justice Under Law [Struck out by GA 628]
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Strong
Proposed by: Daarwyrth

Text: Cognizant of the recently repealed GAR #374 “The Rule Of Law” that mandated liability and responsibility for the actions and decisions of government officials and institutions of member nations before the law,

Adamant to restore the principles of the rule of law in a manner that truly embodies the spirit of this noble ideal, so as to ensure that this fundamental component of governance will stand firm on pillars of fairness and justice, and will ward off both arbitrary or discriminatory punishment,

The General Assembly hereby:

1. Defines "legislative immunity" as immunity from prosecution or litigation for actions conducted in the context of legitimate legislative activity such as the casting of votes or the debating of legislation,
   
   
2. Establishes that all private and public individuals, officials, entities, and institutions, as well as the state itself and its administrative and political subdivisions are to be held accountable for the acts and decisions that have been made during the employ, tenure, appointment or existence of the aforementioned. Such accountability shall be under either the national, regional, and/or local laws of member states, where applicable, as well as under any guidelines and/or disciplinary measures that may be in use by a particular organization,
   
   
3. Requires that all member nations have the principles of the supremacy of the law and accountability to the law enshrined in the highest form of their national law,
   
   
4. Clarifies that:
   
   
   1. member states may extend legislative immunity to individuals empowered to conduct legislative activity; and that
      
      
   2. officials or institutions empowered to do so may carry out acts of clemency such as pardons and commutations, provided that such acts comply with extant or future General Assembly legislation and the spirit of this resolution.

Co-authored with Greater Cesnica.

Votes For: 7 434 (54.5%)
Votes Against: 6 202 (45.5%)

Implemented Sun 29 Aug 2021

[GA 572 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Preventing the Execution of Innocents"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #443
Proposed by: Wallenburg

Description: General Assembly Resolution #443 "Preventing the Execution of Innocents" (Category: Civil Rights, Area of Effect: Mild) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: Recalling the extensive history of World Assembly delegations addressing the question of capital punishment,

Rejecting the condemnable practice of sacrificing equal protection under the law and the obstruction of justice in order to prevent the execution of convicted felons,

Recognizing GA #535 "Death Penalty Ban" and GA #545 "Military Death Penalty Ban", two extant resolutions that enact bans on capital punishment without handicapping the ability of member states to pursue justice,

The World Assembly hereby repeals #443 "Preventing the Execution of Innocents" on these grounds:

1. The target dishonestly disguises a death penalty ban as mere regulation for the purpose of preventing wrongful executions.
   
   
2. The target converts member states into safe havens for suspected mass murderers, mobsters, war criminals, and terrorists as a result of the extradition restrictions in section 7.
   
   
3. Several sections make a mockery of justice, embarrassing the World Assembly by their continued existence.
   
   
   1. By the creation and application of the Capital Cases division of the Judicial Committee of the Compliance Commission, a committee originally intended solely for the purpose of overseeing the publication of international agreements, the World Assembly imposed cumbersome and excessive oversight of the justice systems of member states. The Capital Cases division practiced oversight over every case in which a convict received a capital sentence, regardless of whether there existed any basis to suspect wrongdoing, negligence, or miscarriage of justice on the part of the member state.
      
      
   2. The capital punishment quota established in section 2 obstructed equal protection under the law, requiring member states to sentence criminals convicted of similar crimes to unequal punishments.
      
      
   3. Section 4.e facilitated disruptions in judicial proceedings, increasing the frequency of mistrials and the need for appellate verdicts, as a result of demolishing all limits to the defense's admission of evidence, including proof of fabrication or falsification, failure in the chain of custody, and standards of confidentiality.
      
      
   4. Section 4.f requires member states to prove that additional evidence, true or false, could not arise to "cast doubt on the guilt of the defendant for any charge which could carry a capital sentence". This raises the standard for conviction from "guilt beyond reasonable doubt" to an impossible standard of "guilt beyond any doubt".
      
      
   5. Section 5.a required member states to, following a guilty verdict at trial, grant the defense six months to review evidence, and grant the Capital Cases division another six months after that for the same reason, before carrying out any execution. In conjunction with section 8, which provided that trial certification by the Capital Cases division (and with it the authority to carry out an execution) expires after one year, this prohibited any execution in most member states.
      
      
   6. Section 8 permitted convicted criminals to avoid execution indefinitely and to obstruct the course of justice by merely refusing to "exhaust all available appeals".
4. Section 6 required member states to only adopt execution methods "proven beyond any reasonable doubt not to cause pain or suffering". Since the threat of death itself produces emotional suffering in almost all individuals, and since no authority can prove that any form of execution causes no degree of physical pain or suffering, this again prohibited all execution methods.
   
   
5. GA #535 "Death Penalty Ban" and GA #545 "Military Death Penalty Ban" exceed the desired effects of the target resolution, rendering its restrictions obsolete.

Votes For: 9 518 (77.6%)
Votes Against: 2 747 (22.4%)

Implemented Thu 2 Sep 2021

[GA 573 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Identity Theft Prevention Act"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #110
Proposed by: Morover

Description: General Assembly Resolution #110 "Identity Theft Prevention Act" (Category: International Security, Area of Effect: Mild) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The World Assembly,

Recognizing the crime of identity theft as a reprehensible action, which can ruin the lives of victims and cause issues on a grand scale, and the passage of Resolution 110, “Identity Theft Prevention Act” to help address this issue,

Concerned by several flaws present within Resolution 110, which distract from the good intended to come from the act, most notably the flaws that the International Identity Database has, such as:

1. The database only being accessible by law enforcement within member-states, meaning that in the cases of privatized law enforcement, the governments of member-states have no way to reliably access the database without going through a third party that does have access,
2. Allowing any law enforcement officer to access the database, regardless of need, prior history, or other basic security precursors that such an international system should have in place inherently allows abuse of the information therein, especially when coupled with the lack of mechanism to protect the identities of those entered within the database, meaning that malicious law enforcement officers can potentially sell the data of victims of identity theft for profit or other personal or organizational gain,
3. The lack of mechanism to input discovered stolen identities into the database if there was no report made, ultimately hindering the efforts of the database by potentially large amounts,
4. Similarly, the lack of any defined method for removing an individual from the database, meaning that even in cases where identities were mistakenly reported as stolen or where stolen identity cases were solved, there is a significant chance where law enforcement will continue to be notified when the rightful owner of an identity uses their identity in a perfectly lawful fashion,

Worried by other minor flaws within the resolution outside those found within the bounds of the above, such as:

1. Identity thieves being forced to pay monetary compensation even when monetary compensation is not appropriate due to no money being lost, or where the victim is deceased or otherwise incapacitated and there is no way for the money to reach them, or where the identity theft does not have any money to pay,
2. The lack of specification on how the World Identity Theft Database operates, how it disseminates information, and how it protects tourists specifically,
3. Generally poor writing, which potentially allows nations to abuse and bypass the resolution, especially regarding the exceptions given to the ban of identity theft, and with the definition of identity theft already being referred to as a “crime”,

Believing that these flaws ultimately undermine the resolution as a whole, and make a case for striking it from the records,

And hoping that a future resolution will be able to address the problem of identity theft without leaving the flaws that the target did,

Hereby repeals Resolution 110, “Identity Theft Prevention Act”.

Votes For: 12 799 (93.3%)
Votes Against: 921 (6.7%)

Implemented Fri 10 Sep 2021

[GA 574 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Elections and Assistance Act"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #130
Proposed by: Hulldom

Description: General Assembly Resolution #130 "Elections and Assistance Act" (Category: Furtherment of Democracy, Strength: Significant) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The General Assembly,

Noting that promoting democratic transitions and democracy is a noble goal and is indeed the purpose of this resolution, but

Believing that this resolution, while well intentioned, falls well short in a variety of ways in regards to promoting democratic transitions,

Acknowledges that the “encouragement” of Article 2, Section 3 is self-defeating in that the lack of mandate on member states to have an independent, even if state-affiliated, body to conduct elections can lead to abuse by interested parties on their favored candidate or side’s behalf thus undermining the very principle of free and fair elections and opening up the potential for manipulation of elections through corrupt practices;

Notes that the lack of an explicit mandate to be rid of electoral systems with an in-built “disproportionate advantage”, as in Article 2, Section 4 allows for the creation of election systems which, while ostensibly fair, do in the end bias some constituency over another and that the lack of a mandate for fair electoral systems here undermines considerably the creation of fair systems as noted in Article 3, Section 2 by the Organization for Election Assistance (hereinafter the OEA) as member nations could conceivably cite obviously flawed systems as fair as there are no mandates to the contrary;

Recognizes that the non-binding nature of Article 3, Section 2 undermines Article 3, Section 3 as while the OEA may assist in the creation of electoral systems, there is no mandate for nations which call on the OEA's assistance to craft fair electoral systems, thus defeating any purpose that the OEA’s advisory capacity may have in establishing “democratic principles”;

Observes that Article 3, Section 4’s provisions for voluntary election monitoring, on the proviso that the OEA is asked, is contradicted by Sections 5 and 6 which set up mandatory oversight and monitoring provisions which do not require a nation’s consent for implementation;

Discerns that Article 3, Section 5’s provisions for the monitoring of unfair practices do not provide for an investigatory role, only an oversight one, thus hindering the ability of the OEA to deem elections as “free and fair” as there is no mechanism to prove definitively that voter fraud, voter intimidation, or vote buying occurred as there is no way for the OEA to effectively gather data except for through non-compliance proceedings;

Sees that “reasonable consideration” as noted in Article 3, Section 7 is not defined in non-binding OEA vote counts, thus leaving the door open for malign member state actors to potentially disregard the OEA’s tally in electoral disputes, thereby throwing earlier mandates for fair conduct into doubt and disrupting any utility that the monitoring powers granted to aforementioned body in Article 3, Section 6 might have in ensuring that "transitioning nations" successfully conduct free and fair elections; and

Noticing these faults with this resolution as a whole and deeming it unsatisfactory;

Hereby repeals GA #130 [resolution=GA#130] “Elections and Assistance Act”[/resolution].

Votes For: 11 691 (83.4%)
Votes Against: 2 319 (16.6%)

Implemented Tue 14 Sep 2021

[GA 575 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Preventing Identity Theft [Struck out by GA 614]
A resolution to improve world security by boosting police and military budgets.

Category: International Security
Strength: Mild
Proposed by: Morover

Text: The World Assembly,

Recognizing past attempts to temper the horrific and life-shattering crime of identity theft through Resolution 110, “Identity Theft Prevention Act”, and its repeal by Resolution 574,

Believing that regardless of issues present within the past efforts to prevent identity theft, the principle behind protecting victims of identity theft is sound and should be upheld with a replacement,

Hoping to continue the prevention of identity theft and protection of those who do happen to be victims of identity theft from the consequences that naturally occur as a result of such a victimhood,

Hereby enacts the following into World Assembly law:

1. For the purposes of this resolution, ”Identity Theft” is defined as the act of intentionally and fraudulently taking an individual’s personal or financial information or identity for the purpose of it being passed off as someone else’s information or identity.
   
   
2. Identity theft and the sale or use of any stolen personal or financial information is outlawed in all member-nations.
   
   
3. The International Identity Database is tasked with the establishment, maintenance, and continued operation of a system in which stolen identities can be logged and tracked.
   
   
   1. Governments of member-states and accredited law enforcement agencies within member-nations shall have unrestricted access to upload stolen identities and stolen information from the victims of identity theft as discovered or reported in their nations, and are obligated to do so. These organizations may access, edit, and remove any information they upload to the database, and are obligated to do so in cases where requested by the victim of the relevant identity theft.
      
      
   2. Non-member-nations and other agencies may submit cases of identity thefts to the database. Any submissions from these organizations will be reviewed by the International Identity Database in order to ensure their validity and necessity. Similar control over the cases submitted by organizations under World Assembly control shall be afforded to these organizations, subject to the same process of review as initial submissions.
      
      
   3. Misuse of the International Identity Database will lead to heavy restrictions on that submitter. In the cases of organizations under World Assembly control, those restrictions will include a sanctions proportional with other similar non-compliance and review of future submissions to the system. For organizations not under World Assembly control, complete revocation of access to the database may occur, depending on severity. Full length of restrictions is subject to the opinions of the International Identity Database.
      
      
   4. All cases present within the International Identity Database shall be kept fully confidential and encrypted against any organization not specified as having access to any particular case, or otherwise deemed to be important to access by the committee.
      
      
   5. The International Identity Database is obligated, where possible and feasible within the manpower of the committee and access they have, to monitor marketplaces and transactions for the use of stolen identities, and to identify the relevant nation, law enforcement agencies, and marketplaces of the use of the stolen identity.
      
      
   6. Member-nations must monitor and keep a record of all cases of use of stolen identities within their jurisdictions, and submit these records to the International Identity Database.
4. Member-nations must, where possible, prevent identity theft and work with victims of identity theft in order to catch the perpetrators and punish them accordingly. Coordination between member-states in order to put an end to larger rings dedicated to committing identity theft should be accomplished to the highest degree reasonably effective.
   
   
5. In cases where victims were affected financially by the relevant identity theft, the total sum of losses shall be repaid to the victim. Further compensation is permitted and encouraged.
   
   
6. The development of technology, software, and other methods to prevent the occurrence of identity theft and handling the aftermath in order to minimize the impact of identity theft on victims and the general populace is strongly encouraged. Further, the implementation of these systems is urged to be supplied to the general populace as well as any vulnerable vendors.

Votes For: 11 969 (81.9%)
Votes Against: 2 644 (18.1%)

Implemented Sat 18 Sep 2021

[GA 576 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Drug Decriminalization Act [Struck out by GA 648]
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Significant
Proposed by: Greater Cesnica

Text: The General Assembly,

Understanding that punitive efforts against recreational drug use have failed,

Aware that the decriminalization of recreational drug possession and targeted rehabilitation and social programs have been demonstrated to decrease the negative societal effects associated with substance abuse,

Noting that recreational drug possession charges are a favored tool of legal authorities and governments seeking to marginalize or suppress minorities and political opposition to their governments,

Further noting that nations with rampant corruption within law enforcement authorities are often empowered by the continued criminalization of recreational drug possession to commit violence and other indignities against even non-marginalized demographics,

Unconvinced that the criminalization of individuals in possession of recreational drugs deters recidivism or recreational drug use,

Concluding that the criminalization of recreational drug possession and its resulting consequences for both those truly in possession of such drugs and those falsely accused represents both a grave injustice towards human dignity and a waste of a nation's expenditure,

Hereby:

1. Defines for the purposes of this resolution;
   
   1. "drug" as a chemical substance which induces psychoactive effects after being consumed, where such a substance is not already considered legal for recreational consumption or a substance used for recognized medical purposes or otherwise as part of recognized sacramental purposes,
   2. "simple drug possession" as the possession of drugs by an individual where such possession is not for the purposes of:
      
      1. monetary or other forms of material gain or
      2. providing drugs to an individual without their consent or otherwise with malicious intent,
   3. "illicit drug possession" as any possession of drugs outside the parameters established in Articles 1(a) and 1(b),
   4. "drug trafficking" as the illicit smuggling and/or distribution of drugs for monetary or other forms of material gain, and
   5. "drug manufacturing" as the illicit production of drugs for monetary or other forms of material gain.
2. Reaffirms the right of member states to set internal policy regarding drug trafficking, drug manufacturing, illicit drug possession, and the legal distribution and production of drugs, subject to past or future World Assembly resolutions.
3. Requires that member states, within the bounds of any past World Assembly resolutions;
   
   1. decriminalize the act of simple drug possession and
   2. initiate a review process to re-evaluate the cases of those imprisoned and/or convicted of the act of simple drug possession in order to determine release and/or pardon eligibility given the following considerations:
      
      1. the time served for the offense(s),
      2. any separate offenses committed in addition to the act of simple drug possession,
      3. the suitability for re-entry into societal participation,
      4. the likelihood of recidivism in regards to other criminal activities, and
      5. the positive benefits of receiving a full pardon for the act of simple drug possession.
4. Strongly urges member states to offer full, unconditional releases and/or pardons for those convicted solely for the act of simple drug possession.

Co-authored by Honeydewistania.

Votes For: 9 759 (65.9%)
Votes Against: 5 052 (34.1%)

Implemented Sun 26 Sep 2021

[GA 577 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Transgender Self-Determination
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Significant
Proposed by: Tinhampton

Text: Grateful that this august body has amply protected the right to a medical gender transition (see GA#91, 457, 467, and 571), but

Noting that international law does not yet explicitly recognise the right of sapients to legally self-identify as their chosen gender, rather than have to undergo a medical transition which may be unavailable to them, and

Seeking to expand Alternatives to Transgender Hormone Therapy in member states...

The General Assembly hereby:

1. forbids member states from restricting by any means the right of their inhabitants to change their gender (including by requiring those inhabitants to undergo any medical procedure before their new gender can be legally recognised), except as provided in Articles b and c,
2. clarifies that members may, at their discretion, restrict gender changes:
   
   1. where expressly allowed by prior and standing international law, or
   2. to set a reasonable time period immediately after changing one's gender during which further changes thereof cannot occur,
3. requires members to prevent gender changes made without the free and informed consent of the person whose gender is to be changed,
4. demands that no charges be imposed on any application filed for an official gender change made pursuant to Article a, and
5. requires members and their government agencies, including state-funded schools, to respect the preferred name, pronouns and gender identity of those who interact with them.

Votes For: 11 124 (77.6%)
Votes Against: 3 203 (22.4%)

Implemented Mon 4 Oct 2021

[GA 578 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Promoting Democratic Stability Act
A resolution to increase democratic freedoms.

Category: Furtherment of Democracy
Strength: Significant
Proposed by: Hulldom

Text: The World Assembly,

Recognizing the late repeal of GA#130,

Believing that promoting democratic transitions is a noble goal and one that should continue to be a priority, hereby:

1. The following terms are defined for the purpose of this Act:
   
   1. ”Ballot” as any national vote held specifically to determine what policy or policies a Government is to adopt.
   2. “Election” as any vote held for the purposes of electing an individual into a legislative or executive office.
2. Member states are bound to the following policies in the conduct of all local, regional, and national ballots and elections:
   
   1. No person shall, under penalty or cover of law, be forced to disclose for whom or what position they voted or be discriminated against on those grounds.
   2. All persons shall have the opportunity to cast their vote in private and without interference from outside parties.
   3. No person shall be discriminated against in casting their vote by virtue of how they choose to cast their vote or for not casting a vote.
   4. No person shall be disallowed from casting a vote due to some immutable characteristic such as race, biological sex, gender, disability, or any other class which may be protected under national or international law.
3. Member states are encouraged to monitor for, and prosecute, fraudulent or dishonest practices relating to elections or ballots held in their state.
   
   
4. The Office of Electoral Administration (hereinafter the OEA) will only enter a member state to assist with or monitor an election or ballot if that member state requests it.
   
   
5. However, individual member states are reserved the right to set all further regulations pertaining to elections.
   
   
6. OEA officials must investigate allegations of voter intimidation, voter fraud, and other fraudulent or dishonest practices relating to elections in which they have been invited to serve as a monitoring party and must report any and all violations of the practices found in (2) to the World Assembly Compliance Commission for consideration of further sanction.

Votes For: 10 160 (70.8%)
Votes Against: 4 185 (29.2%)

Implemented Fri 8 Oct 2021

[GA 579 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Omnibus Due Process Act
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Mild
Proposed by: Imperium Anglorum

Text: Whereas recent legal developments have led to the repeal of GA 443 “Preventing the Execution of Innocents”, and the repeal of various provisions protecting the rights of criminal defendants writ large, rather than just in terms of capital prosecutions:

And whereas the Assembly seeks to reimpose those protections to protect defendants from overzealous prosecutors seeking unfair and unjust outcomes to pad their case records or the influence of member nations seeking certain favourable outcomes by undue process of law:

And whereas three classes of protections are of utmost importance to safeguard defendants from corruption of their advocates, prevent defendants from being surprised with evidence introduced at the last minute, and safeguard persons under the custody of member nations or agents thereof from being rendered to areas where they are not protected by World Assembly legislation:

The World Assembly enacts as follows:

1. Negative inference. The invocation of any right or privilege by the defendant may not be used as evidence of wrongdoing or as the basis of a negative inference.
   
   
2. Undue influence. Member nations shall not attempt to pervert justice by unduly influencing the defendant or defence counsel. Nor shall member nations require or coerce the defendant or defence counsel to make decisions which may damage their defence or, in the case of counsel, client welfare.
   
   
3. Discovery. Prosecutors before member nation courts shall provide the defence with all evidence collected in the process of investigation. Defendants must also provide to prosecutors such evidence they also have collected.
   
   
   1. Evidence may be excluded if there is a preponderance of evidence that providing it would lead to witness tampering or intimidation, expose information vital to national security, or substantially threaten the safety of witnesses or other third parties.
      
      
   2. Counsel for the defence shall be provided sufficient time to review and examine evidence provided under the above clause. It shall be grounds for reversible error on appeal if the defence can show insufficient time was provided such that a competent advocate could not have provided effective counsel.
      
      
   3. In this section, the word “evidence” does not include strategies or other products of time spent by attorneys or advocates reviewing that case.
4. Rendition. No individual in the custody of a member nation, or any agents thereof, may be extradited, rendered, or otherwise moved to any place likely to commence, resume, or carry out judicial proceedings which would contravene World Assembly legislation against that individual.

Votes For: 10 220 (73.3%)
Votes Against: 3 716 (26.7%)

Implemented Tue 19 Oct 2021

[GA 580 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Protected Working Leave"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #527
Proposed by: Minskiev

Description: General Assembly Resolution #527 "Protected Working Leave" (Category: Regulation, Area of Effect: Labour Rights) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: Lauding GA#527's intent to protect workers' economic and social security, yet aware of GA#527's many shortcomings, the General Assembly repeals GA#527 for the following reasons:

1. GA#527 contains a slew of imprecise, vague, and exploitable language, including but not limited to:
   
   
   1. guaranteeing workers returning from paid leave the same or a comparable job as to what they had before "should their employer reasonably be able to provide such," effectively undermining the goal of that subclause by allowing employers to hurt workers with unjust demotions per the word reasonable,
      
      
   2. "serious illness" and "seriously ill," allowing workers to request paid leave on a whim per the vagueness of the words serious and seriously,
      
      
   3. requiring workers to give "reasonable notice" or alert their employers of any "serious health conditions" that may require them to take paid leave, yet more poor wording that causes unnecessary workplace trouble in the case of notices that disallow employers to adequately adjust, on top of the concerns with using "serious" as listed in the above bulletpoint,
      
      
   4. how employers may not impose "unnecessarily onerous conditions" for paid leave, an easy way for employers to restrict workers' rights and prevent employees from taking paid leave per the ambiguity of unnecessarily onerous,
      
      
   5. how member nations may place the burden of compensating workers on paid leave onto the workers' employer if the employer can provide it "without significant financial strain," which could result in small businesses and large corporations carrying the same weight, increasing bankruptcy risk among small businesses and thus creating social and economic instability for the owners of said bankrupt smaller businesses and its employees,
      
      
   6. the vagueness of a "comparable job," which doesn't specify how the job is comparable, thus opening the door to salary decreases, a change to a field the employee is uninterested in, a different necessary skill set for the job, a combination of these factors, or other factors, and
      
      
   7. how subclause 5a only protects workers from "unnecessarily onerous conditions" from employers, leaving room for malign member state actors to oppress its workforce due to the lack of restrictions on their placing of conditions upon workers filing for paid leave,
2. GA#527's definition of worker fails to differentiate between employees on perpetual contracts and non-perpetual contracts, ultimately allowing employees on time-limited contracts to request paid leave on the first day of their employment and remain on paid leave until the end of it,
   
   
3. GA#527 forbids employers from not giving employees the same or comparable jobs on return even when impossible but additionally allows exceptions for when it is both impossible or "unreasonable," contradicting itself, and
   
   
4. Clause 2 of GA#527 states employers must give workers "a reasonable duration of paid leave" if they request it under certain poorly-worded conditions; one example being "to care for a seriously ill or physically or mentally disabled spouse, child below the age of majority, parent, grandparent, or dependent should they require such care [to the extent necessary to adequately service this condition]." Such wording allows for excessive paid leave; a worker caring for their infant offspring (who cannot live independently) will receive paid leave for years, and a worker caring for their mentally disabled parent (who again needs care) may receive paid leave for even longer. Moreover, a business, perhaps one with considerable leverage over an employee, may argue "reasonable" and "adequately" to mean, for example, a period that wouldn't allow an employee to recover fully from a "serious illness" to not endanger their fellow employees. The lack of a minimum or maximum paid leave length requirement only worsens this.

Votes For: 8 910 (67.1%)
Votes Against: 4 359 (32.9%)

Implemented Wed 27 Oct 2021

[GA 581 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Access to Effective Medications
A resolution to modify universal standards of healthcare.

Category: Health
Area of Effect: Healthcare
Proposed by: Xanthorrhoea

Text: The General Assembly:

Recognising the numerous social, humanitarian and economic benefits of a healthy, happy populace, and the importance of access to effective medication in maintaining this health and happiness;

Recalling the efforts of resolutions such as GA 41 Access to Life-Saving Drugs, GA 333 Preserving Antimicrobials, GA 429 Traditional Medicine, and GA 571 Access to Transgender Hormone Therapy to improve access to safe and effective medication worldwide;

Noting, despite these efforts, the ongoing disproportionate distribution of access to effective medications between nations, and between peoples within nations, including the significant impact of poverty and income inequality on this access, and noting the lack of a globally accepted standard of medical treatment;

Seeking to reaffirm and strengthen its commitment to improving the health of all peoples, regardless of World Assembly (WA) membership status, hereby enacts the following:

1. The World Medications Council (henceforth the WMC) is established as a branch of the World Health Authority, with the purpose of improving access to safe, efficacious, and cost-effective medications in all nations. The WMC shall have the following duties:
   
   
   1. To assess and record the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of all known medications, defined as any substance used to diagnose, prevent, treat, or manage the symptoms of disease, medical and/or psychological conditions (including for the purposes of disinfection, immunisation, contraception, abortion, hormone therapy, and euthanasia). In assessing a medication, the WMC must consider:
      
      
      1. A medication’s safety, including the severity and frequency of known adverse effects, the therapeutic range, toxicity, interactions with other medications, and requirements for that medication's safe storage, handling, and administration;
         
         
      2. The impact of patient factors on a medication’s safety, including species, pregnancy, intercurrent medical and/or psychological conditions, employment, and lifestyle factors;
         
         
      3. A medication’s efficacy for all clinical indications for which it is used, including the magnitude of effect, whether a medication is curative or requires ongoing use, the therapeutic dose, frequency of dosing, duration of therapy, and synergistic or adverse effects when used with other medications;
         
         
      4. A medication’s relative cost-effectiveness, including the medication's price, total cost of therapy, costs associated with storage, handling and transport, staff training and safety protocols required for its use, and relative cost and efficacy compared to other available medications used for the same or similar purposes; and
         
         
      5. Any other factors it deems relevant.
   2. To, based on this assessment, create and maintain an Effective Medications List (henceforth the EML), containing those medications that are best suited to meet the needs of an effective health system.
      
      
   3. To regularly assess and update the EML based upon the current scientific consensus.
      
      
   4. To undertake activities to promote access to medications on the EML in all WA member nations (henceforth members).
      
      
   5. To promote access to medications on the EML in non-WA member nations, with the consent of and according to the laws of those nations.
2. All members must provide access to all medications included in the EML to all residents of their nation, unless one of the following exceptions applies. Nations are not required to provide access to a medication:
   
   
   1. That is illegal, or for purposes that are illegal in that nation, for all of their residents;
      
      
   2. For purposes other than the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, or management of disease, medical and/or psychological conditions for which that medication has an established clinical use; or
      
      
   3. That they cannot provide access to for reasons outside their control. In this case, they must provide access to an available similarly effective alternative, and provide access to the unavailable medication as soon as possible.
3. Members must ensure that medications are priced in a way that allows all residents to afford all the medications they require while maintaining an adequate standard of living.
   
   
4. Members are encouraged to minimise the cost of medications to patients through all appropriate means, including subsidising common and/or effective medications, standardising prices, enforcing strong anti-trust legislation, and creating special access schemes for vulnerable and disadvantaged groups.

Co-authored by Tinhampton

Votes For: 8 639 (54.9%)
Votes Against: 7 096 (45.1%)

Implemented Sun 31 Oct 2021

[GA 582 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Homelessness Mitigation and Protections Act
A resolution to reduce income inequality and increase basic welfare.

Category: Social Justice
Strength: Strong
Proposed by: Xernon

Text: The General Assembly,

Acknowledging the negative impact of homelessness on the health, social, and economic indicators of member nations, and

Believing that additional solutions are necessary for combatting homelessness,

Hereby enacts the following:

1. For the purposes of this resolution:
   
   1. ''homelessness" refers to the lack of reliable access to physical housing and consistent housing amenities. This includes living on the streets, in temporary shelters and boarding houses, or with friends and relatives intermittently, and excludes those independently pursuing nomadic life-styles.
   2. "housing status" refers to whether an inhabitant is homeless or not.
2. The Institute of Global Homelessness (IGH) is established and shall be responsible for:
   
   1. Collecting annual data from member nations pertaining to: the population of homeless inhabitants, measures taken by member nations to prevent homelessness, and the efficacy of those measures.
   2. Collaborating with member nations to establish annual homeless population reduction milestones, also referred to as homelessness reduction milestones, taking into account each member nation's resources and fiscal status.
   3. Researching innovative strategies in home construction, land use planning, and urban development to maximize affordable housing.
   4. Employing volunteer based efforts to construct permanent housing for homeless inhabitants in low resource member nations.
3. Member nations must establish local housing agencies tasked with providing homeless inhabitants or inhabitants at risk of homelessness with housing resources and case management services.
4. Member nations shall guarantee all inhabitants, regardless of housing status, the right to:
   
   1. Access and use spaces designated for public use, including public parks, sidewalks, libraries, and transportation, within their normal hours of operation and for their designated purpose. Cases where an inhabitant poses a clear and present danger to the safety of those around them shall be an exception to this clause.
   2. Register for and receive government documents and services.
5. Member nations shall enact laws that prohibit discrimination in employment and employment-related decisions based on housing status. This excludes assessing an employee or candidate's geographic location when making employment-related decisions.
6. Member nations must provide inhabitants experiencing homelessness with access to the following services:
   
   1. Emergency and preventative healthcare.
   2. Food assistance either directly via food vouchers or in collaboration with local food banks.
   3. Vocational training and job finding assistance.
7. Member nations shall endeavor to achieve their homelessness reduction milestones. As part of this, member nations must:
   1. Create systems of welfare to assist low-income homeless inhabitants or inhabitants at risk of homelessness with security deposits, rent and utility payments, and housing search services.
   2. Establish nationally-based systems extending to local governments dedicated to the distribution of resources for the development of affordable housing.
   3. Implement permanent housing accommodations for the disabled and inhabitants with chronic health conditions who may be at an increased risk of homelessness. Such accommodations shall not be segregated from other residential communities nor shall they be considered an inheritable entitlement. Inhabitants retain their right to free movement.
   4. Create a homelessness strategy that targets youth populations experiencing child abuse, domestic violence, or parental substance use that may lead to youth homelessness.
   5. Facilitate full and free access to education for homeless children by providing them with the transportation and resources necessary to attend school.
   6. Enact laws that protect inhabitants from the loss of their residential property without legal justification or fair compensation. For purposes of this resolution, legal justification refers to foreclosure or seizure due to criminal or civil misconduct in accordance with the laws of member nations.
   7. Equip night shelters, whose primary function is to eliminate the challenges attributed to health risks and diseases encountered by lack of sleep or sanitary places to sleep, with security cameras, bathrooms, and heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.
8. The WA General Accounting Office (GAO) shall allocate and provide funds at the request of any member nation for the purposes of complying with this legislation, so long as the recipient member nation:
   1. Uses the funds exclusively to fulfill the mandates of this legislation, and
   2. Is deemed to be a low resource nation, or
   3. Is suffering from an economic downturn that renders it unable to achieve its homelessness reduction milestones.

Co-authored by Hulldom and Maowi.

Votes For: 13 104 (86.4%)
Votes Against: 2 058 (13.6%)

Implemented Thu 4 Nov 2021

[GA 583 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Paid Leave Act [Struck out by GA 588]
A resolution to enact uniform standards that protect workers, consumers, and the general public.

Category: Regulation
Area of Effect: Labour Rights
Proposed by: Minskiev

Text: The World Assembly,

Firmly believing that economic growth follows the economic security of workers,

Hoping to achieve both economic security and a healthy, growing populace,

Understanding that one such way to achieve these enviable ideals is through the secure introduction of paid leave and job security for workers everywhere, allowing those workers to care better for themselves and their loved ones, although remaining cautious against excessively interfering with employers' operations,

Hereby:

1. Defines for this resolution:
   
   1. "job security" as the assurance that one will likely remain in their job or a job with a similar salary, field of work, necessary skill set, set of employment benefits, work schedule, and work location now and for the foreseeable future;
   2. a "worker" as any individual bound by a contract of employment who works for another party as a part of said contract; and
   3. "paid leave" as time that a worker may not be required to work for their employers or any other party as part of their employment contract but during which that worker, and only that worker, still unconditionally receives from their employer the same pay, benefits, and job security as they would usually receive according to their contract.
2. Mandates that member states provide workers a minimum of the following durations of paid leave or any higher limits that the World Assembly may subsequently set for their respective conditions if their contract employs them for at least twelve weeks longer than the minimum duration of the worker's respective condition, or at least sixteen weeks in total if the paid leave has no predefined duration:
   
   1. the duration of a worker's illness or injury for recovery;
   2. the duration of a family member or dependent's illness or injury to care for the affected individual;
   3. two weeks per year for general purposes; and
   4. twelve weeks to care for a worker's new child, whether through childbirth, adoption, or foster care, should that child require such care from the worker.
3. Forbids member states and employers from terminating employment, reducing benefits or compensation, or disciplining any worker because they filed for paid leave, and additionally forbids employers from terminating the employment of a worker while they are on paid leave,
   
   
4. Declares that a worker must give sufficient notice to their employer if they foresee any future events, or an event has occurred where giving advance notice was implausible, if those events should induce a worker to obtain paid leave,
   
   
5. Allows any employer of a worker filing for paid leave to require that worker's first member state of citizenship to provide any financial compensation throughout that paid leave if the employer employs less than fifty workers, and
   
   
6. Restates and clarifies that:
   
   1. paid leave under 2a and 2b is only applicable if:
      
      1. for 2a, the illness or injury directly compromises the worker's or their co-workers' ability to work;
      2. for 2b, the illness or injury directly compromises the affected individual's ability to function;
      3. for both 2a and 2b, the illness or injury is reversible; if not, the leave ends after four weeks; and
      4. for 2b, no one of closer familial relations can care for that family member.
   2. paid leave under 2d ends when the worker's child no longer requires care from the worker, even if it is within the twelve allotted weeks; and
   3. employers and member states may increase the duration of paid leave beyond the minimums listed in this resolution.

Co-author: Thousand Branches

Votes For: 11 904 (77.3%)
Votes Against: 3 486 (22.7%)

Implemented Thu 18 Nov 2021

[GA 584 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Emergency Broadcasting Standards
A resolution to enact uniform standards that protect workers, consumers, and the general public.

Category: Regulation
Area of Effect: Safety
Proposed by: Hulldom

Text: Believing that it is prudent for residents of all states to have access to critical information before, during, and after emergencies,

Noting the creation of international standards regarding emergency broadcasting was urged in [resolution=GA#570]GA #570[/resolution] "Disaster Precautions and Responses", hereby:

1. Defines "emergency event", for the purposes of this resolution, as any serious, unexpected, or dangerous situation requiring immediate action to avoid widespread property damage, injury, or loss of life.
   
   
2. All member states must create emergency communications systems which shall be utilized to communicate with their residents regarding emergency events.
   
   
3. Member states shall utilize a variety of means to communicate with their citizens during an emergency event. These means shall be commensurate with the technology available in each member state.
   
   
4. If an emergency event threatens another nation, the member state first affected must notify that nation of the event so they can promptly communicate with their citizens regarding the emergency if the disaster would otherwise be likely to surprise the other nation.
   
   
5. Member states shall prioritize the broadcasting of localized or regionalized messaging in emergency events if practical under the circumstances.
   
   
6. Member states are required to undertake regular testing of all emergency communications systems and to ensure that the equipment used, if any special equipment is used, is in good repair.

Votes For: 13 791 (89.6%)
Votes Against: 1 597 (10.4%)

Implemented Mon 22 Nov 2021

[GA 585 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Promotion of Clean Energy"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #357
Proposed by: Xernon

Description: General Assembly Resolution #357 "Promotion of Clean Energy" (Category: Environmental, Industry Affected: All Businesses - Strong) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The World Assembly,

Recognizing that GAR#357 “Promotion of Clean Energy” is an important piece of legislation that seeks to promote the use of clean forms of energy in order to reduce and counteract the negative health and environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels,

Noting, however, that GAR#357 fails to adequately provide the milestones and mandates necessary to guide member nations through the transition from fossil fuels to clean energy sources,

Observing that GAR#357 also fails to establish concrete international efforts or collaborative strategies to promote clean energy use amongst member nations,

Believing that any legislation seeking to promote the utilization of clean energy sources should be grounded in international cooperation, research, and technology development,

Convinced that a replacement resolution is necessary to provide member nations with the comprehensive framework and international cooperation needed to drive the switch in energy reliance from fossil fuels to clean energy sources,

Hereby repeals GAR#357 “Promotion of Clean Energy.”

Votes For: 11 361 (75.0%)
Votes Against: 3 778 (25.0%)

Implemented Fri 26 Nov 2021

[GA 586 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Rights of Crime Victims"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #247
Proposed by: Morover

Description: General Assembly Resolution #247 "Rights of Crime Victims" (Category: Civil Rights, Strength: Significant) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The World Assembly,

Believing in the intent behind Resolution 247, “Rights of Crime Victims”, in protecting the victims of crimes from the accused perpetrators, and in securing various rights that victims necessarily should have,

Concerned that several flaws present in Resolution 247 may render it doing a net harm to society and government in member-nations, notably:

1. Ambiguities in clause one that lead to a not-unreasonable interpretation that crime victims must be updated on critical stages of prosecution, regardless of their actual desire to know of the ongoings, which may lead to further trauma or harm to their psyche,
   
   
2. The failure of the definition of “the accused”, resulting in all clauses regarding the accused to apply to acquitted individuals, due to the phrasing of the clause possibly meaning “any person who has been charged in the past with a crime”,
   
   
3. The failure of the resolution to connect “the accused” with the “crime victim” explicitly, possibly allowing any person considered a crime victim to be afforded all the rights in the resolution against any person considered to be the accused, even if the cases are wholly unrelated,
   
   
4. Not inherently allowing the immediate family of a crime victim to be afforded the rights as listed under Resolution 247 if death or incapacitation falls upon the crime victim, but is unrelated to the crime in question, which may lead to awkward, unfortunate, or otherwise harmful situations to the families of incapacitated crime victims,

Certain that while a resolution can be written in order to further protections of victims, Resolution 247 fails to uphold a standard ensuring a fair trial to all, as well as having notable ambiguities that make the proposal ineffective in tempering malicious or otherwise incompetent nations,

Hopeful that most reasonable member-nations will impose rights similar to those intended to be applied by the target, and unfortunately knowing that due to subpar writing, unreasonable or malevolent nations can find holes to bypass the intent of the resolution and further their own agenda regardless of this legislation on the topic,

Hereby repeals Resolution 247, “Rights of Crime Victims”.

Votes For: 14 454 (94.5%)
Votes Against: 848 (5.5%)

Implemented Tue 21 Dec 2021

[GA 587 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Paid Leave Act"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #584
Proposed by: Minskiev

Description: General Assembly Resolution #584 "Paid Leave Act" (Category: Regulation, Area of Effect: Labour Rights) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The General Assembly,

Praising GA#584 Paid Leave Act's noble intent to let workers have both social lives and work lives, yet saddened by a few unfortunate provisions,

Dismayed that Clause 4 of GA#584 potentially allows employers to quickly fire workers giving notice of their upcoming requests for paid leave as the clause fails to protect workers from retaliation after alerting their employer that they might take paid leave soon, but before the actual paid leave is, and Clause 3 unfortunately only protects workers from retaliation while they are on paid leave or because they filed for paid leave; since alerting an employer of future paid leave is not equivalent to filing for paid leave, workers receive zero protection from losing their job right before a period during which they cannot work, an unfortunate tragedy and a resolution-sinking loophole,

Outraged that Clause 5 of GA#584 places the burden of paid leave financial compensation on unrelated member states, as it “allows any employer of a worker filing for paid leave to require that worker's first member state of citizenship to provide any financial compensation throughout that paid leave”, hurting developing countries as oftentimes those of developing countries move to developed countries to work; it is utterly nonsensical for a member state that receives no tax money from a worker to pay a worker’s paid leave financial compensation,

Appalled that Clause 5 of GA#584 incentivizes employers to stop after employing 49 workers by placing the burden of paid leave financial compensation on member states of employed workers “if [their] employer employs less than fifty workers”, hurting growth and slashing all opportunities for further job development due to this effective economical cap at 49; it would be a tremendous blow to the profit of a small business to suddenly pay all of the paid leave financial compensation of at least 50 workers suddenly,

Disappointed that Clause 5 of GA#584 fails to take into account any social insurance funds of member states allowing employers to take out funds to pay off the compensation, even if that employer has over 49 workers,

Believing that the above offenses act against the intent of the resolution, and in good standing cannot remain in such high-profile law,

Hereby repeals GA#584.

Votes For: 13 164 (89.7%)
Votes Against: 1 510 (10.3%)

Implemented Sat 25 Dec 2021

[GA 588 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Clean Prostitute Act"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #179
Proposed by: Tinhampton

Description: General Assembly Resolution #179 "Clean Prostitute Act" (Category: Free Trade, Area of Effect: Mild) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: Agreeing with GA#179 that the decision of legalising prostitution should be reserved to each member state, and that all prostitutes working in members where it has been legalised should "be regularly screened for sexually transmitted infections" (STIs),

Unnerved that GA#179 almost exclusively focuses on the screening of prostitutes for STIs as a means of preventing the spread of STIs, while not even stopping to consider (for example) the use of contraception by prostitutes and clients, never mind the contact-tracing of those who have contracted STIs through prostitution,

Further concerned that GA#179 also requires that "prostitutes diagnosed with a [STI] abstain from their work until their infection has been cured,"

Recognising that, while there still exist some STIs (especially viruses) that cannot be "cured" as such, antiretroviral drugs exist for many of those STIs; such drugs, if taken properly, reduce those viral load of those STIs by so much that they can no longer be transmitted by the people who take those drugs,

Dismayed that prostitutes who have been infected with uncurable STIs and who take antiretrovirals that nevertheless prevent them from transmitting those STIs to others cannot carry on their work under GA#179 because "their infection has [not] been cured,"

Horrified that GA#179 does not specify at all whose responsibility it is to fund any of the STI screening it describes (however curable or treatable those STIs may be), thus allowing member states to run unsuspecting prostitutes into financial ruin by passing on the entire cost of such screening to them, and

Expressing its hope that a future replacement for GA#179 will not only protect and advance the rights and dignity of all sex workers, but also that it will not arbitrarily prevent them from engaging in sex work simply because they have STIs that they cannot transmit to clients...

The General Assembly hereby repeals GA#179 "Clean Prostitute Act."

Votes For: 13 207 (89.3%)
Votes Against: 1 577 (10.7%)

Implemented Wed 29 Dec 2021

[GA 589 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

LEO Force Restrictions [Struck out by GA 608]
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Significant
Proposed by: Tinhampton

Text: Concerned that there currently exists no universal standard to regulate the use of force by law enforcement officers on duty in member states,

Recognising that no sapient right can be fully realised without the right to life, which is often infringed upon as a result of the excessive use of force by such officers, and

Believing that the introduction of such a standard will help protect individuals of all backgrounds (including members of vulnerable or historically marginalised groups) from unwarranted police brutality...

The General Assembly hereby:

1. defines, for the purposes of this resolution:
   
   1. a "LEO" (law enforcement officer) as a person employed by law enforcement in a member state in the course of their employment as such, and
   2. the use of "excessive force" by a LEO against a person as the use by that LEO of significantly more force than is necessary in the situation to restrain and subsequently detain that person,
2. orders all entities that employ LEOs to:
   
   1. ensure, through education and in practice, that their LEOs do not use force against suspected criminals or any other person when the use of less forceful measures has not been ruled out (whether on the scene or in retrospect),
   2. educate their LEOs on when the use of force constitutes excessive force, as well as on when the use of those items described in Article c(ii) is appropriate, and
   3. regularly review incidents where the use of force was exercised by LEOs to ensure that such use did not constitute the use of excessive force,
3. mandates that LEOs:
   
   1. not use excessive force against any person,
   2. carry, in addition to any other class of weapon or item they are permitted by the nation they work in to carry, less-than-lethal items intended to help restrain or detain suspected criminals (such as batons, irritant spray and tasers) to that effect, and
   3. wear body-worn cameras linked to any official vehicles they may be associated with which automatically turn on when those vehicles' lights or sirens activate; those cameras must neither be turned off unless their recording capacity is fully utilised nor have any of their recordings deleted unless they have been backed up in a secure third location,
4. requires that LEOs:
   
   1. avoid causing death or life-changing injury to any person unless the life or bodily sovereignty of any person (including the LEO in question) is, or likely would be, placed in immediate danger by that person, and
   2. ensure that people they have harmed under Article d(i) receive any basic first aid necessary for their survival,
5. compels member states to criminalise the use of force by LEOs that contradicts Articles b to d, and to punish any entities that continue to employ LEOs that have administered force in contradiction of such Articles, and
   
   
6. strongly recommends that entities that employ LEOs ensure that they are accompanied by at least one other LEO when on duty.

Co-author: Greater Cesnica, Sanctaria

Votes For: 11 403 (75.8%)
Votes Against: 3 631 (24.2%)

Implemented Mon 10 Jan 2022

[GA 590 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Safety and Integrity In Conflict Journalism"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #554
Proposed by: Apatosaurus

Description: General Assembly Resolution #554 "Safety and Integrity in Conflict Journalism" (Category: Education and Creativity, Area of Effect: Free Press) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The General Assembly,

Respecting the intent of GAR#554 [resolution=GA#554]“Safety and Integrity in Conflict Journalism”[/resolution] to protect journalists operating in conflict zones, but

Disappointed that the resolution contains several significant and easily exploitable loopholes, and in some cases blocks further legislation to resolve these issues, rendering it inadequate for continued enforcement by this august body,

Highlighting the loopholes present due to the substandard and flawed definition of a “conflict journalist” in Clause 1b, which:

1. by requiring that conflict journalists be “employed in providing journalism” in order to be included in the definition, can easily be interpreted as excluding journalists that do not engage in journalism due to an employment contract (for example, freelance or citizen journalists), thus failing to protect significant portions of journalists, and
   
   
2. includes the hazy requirement that a conflict journalist must “[operate] independent of any belligerent faction” in order to be included in the definition, which is vague enough that member-states can easily claim that journalists nominally dependent on a belligerent faction, such as non-government news organisations headquartered in a belligerent nation during an international war, are exempt from the protections in the resolution,

Alarmed that the definition of an "act of espionage" in Clause 1c excludes acts that should be considered espionage but where third parties, rather than "belligerents", benefit from these acts; clause 2b then forces member-states to allow conflict journalists to carry out "any journalism that is not an act of espionage from or near a conflict zone", thus blocking further regulation, whether national or within this institution, to prohibit espionage that does not fit into 2b's definition, if it is done via conflict journalism,

Bothered that Clause 3 fails to protect conflict journalists from entities that are not member-states or military entities, such as armed civilians, betraying that clause's intent by allowing such actors to carry out those acts which it prohibits member-states from perpetrating, and

Concluding that, while the intent of GAR#554 is meritorious and a topic undoubtedly deserving of attention by this institution, it contains several issues and loopholes that cause it to be too poor to remain in force,

Hereby Repeals GAR#554 “Safety and Integrity in Conflict Journalism”.

Votes For: 12 750 (79.0%)
Votes Against: 3 380 (21.0%)

Implemented Tue 18 Jan 2022

[GA 591 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Assisted Suicide Act"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #285
Proposed by: Imperium Anglorum

Description: General Assembly Resolution #285 "Assisted Suicide Act" (Category: Civil Rights, Area of Effect: Mild) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: This august World Assembly finds as follows:

1. People suffering from a chronic, insurable, and painful condition should have the right to end their own lives voluntarily in a painless manner. Nations should respect an individual's choice in this manner, insofar as that choice does not harm others directly.
   
   
2. GA 285 'Assisted Suicide Act' violates this duty by allowing some member nations to prohibit assisted suicide and euthanasia within their jurisdictions. And in consequence of the regulatory decisions that the Assembly permits, it makes member nations collectively complicit in forcing people to suffer unnecessarily.
   
   
3. While GA 285 'Assisted Suicide Act' allows people to travel to different jurisdictions, this creates a de facto prohibition on assisted suicide for people who lack funds needed for travel. As most people who seek euthanasia are also suffering from severe medical conditions that require specialised care, GA 285's travel rights also are far more restrictive than they appear on face: chartering a private air ambulance flight, transporting all the equipment necessary for the patient, and arrangement of medical services in a foreign nation without social insurance are all expensive transactions beyond the reach of, say, a terminal pensioner on a fixed income.
   
   
4. It is more than likely that GA 285's travel provisions cannot be exercised, due to massive financial barriers, except by those who are extremely wealthy. The Assembly has in the past acted to strike down domestic prohibitions designed to make certain procedures exorbitantly expensive or available only to those able to travel to foreign jurisdictions. It furthermore has taken decisive action to enable access to regionally-inaccessible medical procedures. This is no different.
   
   
5. Additionally, section 4 of GA 285, by prohibiting 'the use of World Assembly funds for assisted suicides and euthanasia procedures', stops the Assembly from providing funds to pay for or subsidise euthanasia procedures, blocking legislation intended to expand access to such procedures and ultimately keeping the option out of reach for many suffering patients. To take meaningful action on this topic, these blocking clauses must be repealed.
   
   
6. Only by passage of enabling legislation could the Assembly's duty to terminal patients who voluntarily seek euthanasia be fulfilled in the face of local particularists complicit in prolonging suffering (except for those socioeconomically privileged few who can pay their own way in foreign jurisdictions). This is no different from previous resolutions striking down policies that make certain procedures unaffordable and unaccessible to most people. The Assembly hopes that such enabling legislation be enacted forthwith.

Now, therefore, the World Assembly repeals GA 285 'Assisted Suicide Act'.

Votes For: 14 005 (88.0%)
Votes Against: 1 918 (12.0%)

Implemented Wed 26 Jan 2022

[GA 592 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Access to Life-Ending Services [Struck out by GA 596]
A resolution to modify universal standards of healthcare.

Category: Health
Area of Effect: Healthcare
Proposed by: Apatosaurus II

Text: The General Assembly,

Believing that individuals should possess the right to end their life on their own terms if they are in unbearable agony from an incurable illness, and

Convinced that the supposed dangers of permitting access to assisted suicide do not outweigh the right to have a dignified and humane death,

Hereby enacts the following:

1. Let these terms be defined as follows within this resolution:
   
   1. “Assisted suicide” is defined as the ending of the life of an individual where:
      
      1. the procedure is quick and painless,
      2. the procedure is in the privacy of the patient, such that the only individuals present are the medical professional performing the operation, any of their medical assistants, the patient, and any individuals that the patient has granted explicit permission to be present,
      3. the procedure is performed by a medical professional trained in assisted suicide,
      4. the recipient has an incurable serious physical illness that will directly result in their death in the foreseeable future or directly results in permanent unbearable agony, and
      5. the recipient has provided verifiable, informed consent on their own free will to the procedure and method thereof (where they are fully aware of what they are consenting to, all significant consequences, and any possible alternatives); the individual in question must be permitted to withdraw this consent at any time.
   2. An "eligible patient" is defined as an individual eligible to receive assisted suicide who has provided the necessary consent and is in a species that biologically can die.
   3. Assisted suicide services shall be considered "locally accessible" if no substantial burden to quality of life, time, or finances to eligible patients in those areas is posed by the necessary travel to receive said assisted suicide services.
2. Member states must provide assisted suicide services to eligible patients within their jurisdiction. In areas where assisted suicide services are not locally accessible, member states must arrange for eligible patients in those areas to travel to the nearest clinic within World Assembly jurisdiction that provides safe assisted suicide services.
   
   
3. No member state may discriminate against any persons (or persons related thereof) for receiving, seeking, administering, or otherwise facilitating, assisted suicide, including but not limited to:
   
   1. discriminating against said persons in tax by placing a higher burden of tax on them,
   2. prosecuting individuals, or individuals related thereof, for receiving, seeking, administrating, or otherwise facilitating assisted suicide,
   3. withholding any inheritance from the heirs of individuals, due to said individuals having died due to receiving assisted suicide, or
   4. failing to provide equal protection before the law to said persons.
4. No person, group of persons, or member state may deliberately coerce or require an individual to seek or receive assisted suicide. Similarly, it is prohibited for any person, group of persons or member state to deliberately coerce or require an individual against seeking or receiving assisted suicide.
   
   
5. No member state may implement any policy that has a cognisable impact of burdening the ability of eligible patients to receive assisted suicide, unless that member state shows that the restriction furthers a clearly stated, compelling, and practical state interest, with narrowly tailored means that are the least restrictive necessary to achieve the stated interest.
   
   
6. Consent provided by an individual for assisted suicide in advance of meeting section 1a.iii requirements or their preferred timeframe for receiving assisted suicide shall count as consent for the purposes of 1av and 1b. However, assisted suicide may not be performed on that individual until all the other requirements in 1a are met and if applicable, the preferred timeframe to receive assisted suicide as provided by the consenting individual is met.
   
   
7. A medical professional that has publicly communicated a bona fide objection against performing assisted suicide may not be required to perform assisted suicide, as long as that professional directs patients seeking assisted suicide to easily, readily, and locally accessible assisted suicide services. No member state, person, or group of persons may deliberately coerce or require a medical professional to either provide or not provide such an objection.
   
   
8. Member states must fund all Section 2 services and travel such that they are free for the recipient, unless the individual receiving such travel or services can already otherwise afford such without posing a substantial burden to their finances. The World Assembly General Fund may also fund assisted suicide services if a member state is unable to do so without causing serious damage to their economy or finances.

Co-author: Imperium Anglorum

Votes For: 12 074 (76.5%)
Votes Against: 3 707 (23.5%)

Implemented Mon 31 Jan 2022

[GA 593 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "On Scientific Cooperation"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #322
Proposed by: Hulldom

Description: General Assembly Resolution #322 "On Scientific Cooperation" (Category: Education and Creativity, Area of Effect: Educational) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The General Assembly,

Recognizing the noble goal of [resolution=GA#322]GAR#322: “On Scientific Cooperation”[/resolution] to promote scientific cooperation among the august member states of the World Assembly;

Believing, however, that there are several flaws with this legislation,

Finds as follows:

1. Clause 1(a)’s reference to “any and all publicly available scientific literature”, given the lack of constraint on the word “scientific”, raises a not unreasonable possibility that literature that fails to meet the standards of peer review and, given the lack of a catchment, pseudo-scientific literature published in journals with low evidentiary or replicability standards.
   
   
2. Clause 1(b)’s collection of “all data relevant to it’s mandate” is so vague as to be unviable. The sheer amount of, wide variety of sources of, these data, presents a problem unavoidable given the lack of constraint on the literature collected in 1(a). Unscientific and pseudo-scientific data collection could find its way into the World Assembly Scientific Programme (WASP) archive as a result.
   
   
3. That this resolution fails to take into account the censorship of materials given clause 1(c)’s notation that materials may not be disseminated if they are “illegal under extant national or sub national law”. States could make parts of scientific study illegal and thus prevent the dissemination of materials from the WASP regarding the scientific consensus. Thus, the failure to consider malicious states misrepresenting scientific data undermines the goals of this resolution.
   
   
4. There is no mechanism for WASP to make critical claims regarding settled scientific fact or propagate new ideas beyond sharing them for peer review as in 1(d). Additionally, the lack of blindness in the peer review process provided, since WASP disseminates the data to all member states, raises the possibility of bias–a possibility which undermines the credibility of results obtained by WASP-facilitated peer review or data sharing.

Therefore, the General Assembly repeals GAR#322: “On Scientific Cooperation”.

Votes For: 13 829 (87.5%)
Votes Against: 1 980 (12.5%)

Implemented Fri 4 Feb 2022

[GA 594 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]