How are new laws passed in your nation?

[Lenzum]

In Lenzum, the process is still as it was in the days of the Republic, at least on paper.

Firstly, a new bill can be proposed by any member of either house of the Imperial Parliament.

The lower house, the House of Debate, is 'elected' every 5 years, but only the Imperial Party of Lenzum has appeared on the ballots since the return of the Empire. The upper house, the House of Reason, is entirely appointed by His Imperial Majesty, and is supposedly filled with 'the best and brightest', but you are far more likely to earn a seat through loyalty and service. 86% of the House of Reason are ex-HoD members, whilst the rest are nobility.

First, the House of Debate discuss the new bill. As the IPL control the entire house, actual debate only occurs when a member of the House has been allowed to present a 'personal' bill. Once the discussion is finished, HoD members are asked to move through either the 'Yes' or 'No' lobbies, much like in the British House of Commons. This usually leads to the entire membership shuffling through the 'Yes' lobby, and it is said that the 'No' lobby isn't even dusted unless a free vote, allowed only on personal bills, is being held.

Once the HoD has approved the bill, the House of Reason examine it, again with the intent having been for experts in whatever the law relates to be in attendance. Again, however, the illusion of democracy is shattered because the House of Reason would rather concern itself with how fast it can approve the bill. There is a similar voting system to the HoD, again with deviation into the No lobby only allowed on personal bills.

Final approval rests with the Emperor. He also has the right to bypass the Imperial Parliament entirely and change any law at a whim, but the current Emperor, Lenzar III, has been doing this less and less as he grows older and seemingly less interested in the affairs of state.

Once the bill is formally signed by the Emperor, it becomes law.

[Trenaka]

In Trenaka, legislation begins in the Senate. There, a Senator makes a motion for a new law. After the Senator is done presenting the motion, at least one Senator must second the motion. If that happens, then discussion begins. Senators may debate on the motion, until discussion reaches two hours or they stop presenting relevant discussion. After this, Senators may make a motion to add parts to the new law, until they finally agree that the law is complete. Once it is complete, the Senate votes. New laws require a simple majority to pass.

If it passes, it goes to the President to either sign, veto, or do a constitutional veto. If the president signs it, it becomes law. If they veto it, it goes back to the Senate, where it requires a vote of 67 Senators to override the veto. If the president does a constitutional veto, where they reject it for a violation of the Constitution, the Superior Court decides if it violates the Constitution or not. If it does, the law is thrown out. If it does not, the Senate can override the veto with a vote of 67 Senators.

[Vallermoore]

It starts in the House of Commons and if it gets over 50% there, it goes to the Senate. If it gets over there it goes to the President of the Central Committee to sign. If he or she does that it becomes law, if not it takes over 75% of both Houses of Parliment to force it through, something that very rarely happens. Finally the Queen signs it but this is nowadays a formality.

[Great Nortend]

There are two processes by which a binding law may be created—by the King in Privy or by the King in Gross.

In the former process, the King with the counsel of his ministers at a sitting of the Privy Council simply affixes the Privy Seal to the carta which is to become law or executed. The King is restricted in the use of this process by the Charter of Liberties which requires the use of the Great Seal to be used for certain laws and documents, and provides for the process whereby the Great Seal may be used. The common use for the Privy Seal is for regulations, rules, orders and proclamations by the Crown.

In the latter process, a billa is introduced into the House of Knights and House of Commons. After being approved thereby, it is sent to the House of Lords. After their approval, it is presented to the King at a periodic sitting of the Great Council. After it is presented and the preamble with petition read, the King indicates his assent, and the Great Seal is affixed to the billa. The Great Seal may also be used inter alia to seal certain writs mentioned in the Charter of Liberties without needing to be approved by the Parliament.

[Slaver Pirates of Vaas]

In the Pirate State, Vaas has sole legislative and executive authority. He passes laws that are often based on information given to him by his advisors and secretaries within each department of government.

[Tinhampton]

Well, for the most part, some bloke just proposes it in the Assembly, we pass it and the Mayor affixes his signature (if he doesn't, two-thirds of the Assembly may override the veto.) But if you want the reality , for the most part...

The process of proposing new laws has not substantially changed since Spring 2018, when the above was published.

[Deacarsia]

The High-King may pass or repeal laws by decree.

Bills that are approved by both houses of the legislature, the Crinalvar, become laws upon receiving Royal Assent.

[Ru-]

First a member or several members of the Imperial Senate draft a bill and submit it to Imperial Senate Consul (senate leader) to determine if and when to introduce it to the senate floor for a vote. If the Consul rejects placing it on the schedule or refuses to make a decision on the proposed bill the Emperor may decide to step in and compel the Consul to place it on the schedule for a vote. If the Emperor does not do this the bill is dead at this point.

If the bill is put on the senate schedule it will be put onto the senate floor for consideration at which point it will be debated by the senators. Eventually, the Consul (or possibly the Emperor) will call for a formal vote. The bill will need a simple majority of the senators to vote in favor of it for it to pass. If the bill passes the Imperial Senate, it is brought before the Imperial Hand and the Emperor. The Emperor may decide to sign the bill, refuse to sign the bill (but allowing it to pass without imperial sponsorship) or attempt to block the bill by using their power of Imperial Veto. The Imperial Hand (democratically elected national executive) will also have to decide whether to sign the bill or veto it. The Hand's signature is required for a bill to become law, but the Emperor's is optional.

If the Emperor and Imperial Hand both sign the bill it will become law.

If only the Imperial Hand signs the bill, it will become law.

A veto from either the Emperor or the Imperial Hand will result in the bill being sent back to the senate for further debate and possible revisions before voting on whether or not to override the veto(s), if 2/3rds of the senate membership vote to approve the bill anyway, it will become law.

[The Union of British North America]

The legislative process is referred to as the Crown-in-Grand Council, and all passed and assented to bills are called Acts of the Grand Council. The State Council (StateCo), the official executive advisory council for the President-General of the NAU (PG), is a quasi-house of review and is consultative in practice, though it may indirectly propose legislation by giving ideas to the extraordinary members (who are Ministers and MGCs) or even proposing to MPs directly outside of their official duties (private bills sometimes happen here).

All bills are introduced in the Grand Council (GC) (First Reading), and then discussed more (Second Reading), then sent to committees for detailed review and revision, and then finally the bill is put to a final discussion and vote (Third Reading). After being voted on, the State Council reviews the bill, suggesting amendments, approving the entire bill, or may vote to delay the bill. If there are conflicts between the GC and StateCo versions (due to amendments or significant opposition to aspect(s) of the bill), a joint reconciliation committee is created by each chamber appointing members to it and it works out differences in a reconciled bill, and the reconciled bill is then sent to both the GC and StateCo for approval, and if each passes the same bill, it goes to the PG; if not, then after twenty days the GC can pass the original bill or the reconciled bill by majority vote to send to the PG (StateCo Standing Order 44 and GC Standing Order 57). Bills are numbered GC-XXX, with 001-200 being for government bills for every session, and the rest for private members' bills. The PG by custom assents to all government bills, though may have more discretion over other kinds of bills, though this is theoretical and advised against. The Crown can disallow the bill within three years, and the PG can reserve the bill for the Crown. Negativing a bill ("veto") is rare, and is absolute, and can be done by the Crown, PG, Deputy PG if acting as PG, or the Senior Member of the State Council acting as PG.

[Lancov]

A Sovet member or committee will introduce a bill to the chamber, which votes on it after a period of examination and debate. After this, the bill goes to the Senat which may request changes or vote on it after an examination period. Both chambers require only a simple majority to pass the bill. If the Senat disapproves the Sovet can either amend the bill until the upper house is satisfied, or overrule them with another simple majority vote. The Senat cannot itself introduce bills as its role is to represent local governments rather than the people.

After this, the President will need to either sign or veto the bill. If the President does neither the bill will be considered signed after fifteen days. When an official veto is given, the bill is bounced back to the Sovet with any recommended changes that the President feels would make it acceptable. The Sovet can then either rewrite the bill and start over, or overrule the veto with a 3/5 majority vote. (If the President still refuses to sign the bill, the Seneschal of the Sovet will sign it into law on behalf of the Republic. This has only happened once.)

The President, or the Sovet if it can't gain enough votes to overrule a veto, can also order a public referendum on a bill. The people's decision is final and can not be overruled or vetoed. (Though it can be declared unconstitutional.) The Seneschal of the Sovet will sign the bill into law if successful.

Judicial review is not automatically given to each bill, but any governmental body can challenge in the Constitutional Court. If the Court declares a bill unconstitutional it is defeated.

[Aikoland]

The legislative initiative rests entirely in the Chamber of Deputies, where any Deputy has the authority to introduce a proposed law to the chamber. After a period of deliberation and debate, the Chamber of Deputies will vote on the proposed law where it must pass with a simple majority of 58 votes.

Following this, the proposed law is sent to the Senate. The Senate reviews what was passed by the lower chamber and has the power to amend a proposed law and send it back to the Chamber of Deputies for another round of debate and a revote. The Senate has the power to do this a maximum of three times per proposed law. It also has the power to completely block six pieces of legislation from passing into law, although this power is rarely used as it requires a unanimous vote from all Senators. Eventually, unless the Senate does block a piece of legislation, it also goes to a vote, where it must pass with a simple majority of 16 votes.

After passing both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, the proposed law is sent to the Sovereign, who is required to formally sign the document and grant it royal assent in order for it officially pass into law. The Sovereign retains the power to refuse the granting of royal assent, however this has not occurred since 1812.

[Auzkhia]

For legislation to become law it follows this procedure.

First, a representative writes it, or a popular petition gets submitted to the Reichstag, then debated and voted on in the House of Deputies, after the Federal Council gives its assent. The Federal Council can veto but that can be voted down by the House of Deputies. And then it is passed to the Federal President and Emperor, then imperial assent is given. While the emperor could veto it, it has never been done. If a veto by the Emperor were to happen, then both houses would meet for a joint session of the Diet and vote to override it. The Chancellor takes on enact and enforcement duties, but the Emperor as president of the confederation signs in law and is a constitutional monarch that dismisses and appointments the Chancellor and their cabinet.

[Lukhia]

Legislation is submitted to the Parliament of the Republic, the unicameral legislative body of the Lukhian Republic. A member of Parliament can write it as a private member's bill, submitted solely on the behalf of that member in their capacity as either a constituent or list representative, or it can be submitted on the behalf of the Government, Official Opposition, or a party. Each bill is a document that can effect previous legislation, or bring in new legislation. Ultimately, interpretation is up to the courts should it come to such a challenge, though it lies solely in the words written on the page. The bill goes through several stages of debate:

1. The first reading, where it is submitted to Parliament and no real debate takes place, but it is introduced for reading by members
2. The second reading, where members can debate the broad strokes of the bill. This is where "traditional" political debate takes place, often lasting for hours on matters of particular controversy or disagreement. Members then vote on the bill. If it passes, it moves to the third reading; if it fails, it is thrown out.
3. The third reading, where amendments - changes to the specifics of the bill - are submitted after the second reading to be read and debated. This is where debate is focused more on the legal minutiae than the larger implications of the bill. Each amendment is then put to a vote. If all amendments pass, it is moved to the committee reading; if any fail, the bill is thrown for another round of a second reading, where amendments can again be tabled and voted on. This repeats until Parliament agrees on the final state of the bill.
4. The committee reading, where a team of scholars in the particular area(s) that the bill concern(s) compile a report on the effects of the bill on said areas. It is put to a final vote. If it passes, the bill is brought into law as an Act of Parliament; if it fails, it goes back to second reading.

This process repeats for every bill under normal precedent, although the executive in the form of the President reserves a right to veto or skip steps in this process in times of national crisis. These are detailed under the Emergency Powers Act, which states that a plurality of Parliament must agree in a vote of confidence that the President is able to exercise these powers. This bill has never been invoked since the inception of the Republic in 1984, but it is thought to have been created due to terse tensions with neighbouring nations in the 1990s with possibility of war.

[Republic of La Boca]

Firstly, you have to differentiate the majorities. The annual budget, the motion of confidence, the intervention of an autonomous community and the convocation of a Constituent Assembly are laws that must be voted with an absolute majority to be approved.
All other laws require a simple or qualified majority, generally, the latter requires 2/3 of the total number of seats.
The Legislature of the Republic of La Boca is composed of a single chamber, called the National Assembly, which is currently made up of 203 members (102 required for the majority) elected by a proportional vote by the 30 Autonomous Communities that make up our country. A new constitutional reform would probably be treated, which will seek to introduce us to a bicameral system under the Westminster System, the Upper House or House of Commons of the Republic of La Boca, and the Lower House or Senate. Every law will begin to be debated in the Commons, with the majority required for each one. If the law is approved with the necessary numbers, it will go to the Senate, who may amend the provisions of the Commons and forward it with modifications, or vote on it as it was delivered to the Chamber, and thus become law. Then, it can be passed by the Prime Minister and President or vetoed by them.

[Bigpipstan]

Imperial laws can be proposed by any member of the imperial council. Once a law is proposed, the emperor with the imperial council gather and dabate the merits of the proposal. When everyone has shared their opinion
and concerns on the manner, the emperor will make the final decision, whether or not the law will pass, depending on the arguments presented in the debate. Same procedure is used when canceling laws.
Laws of autonomous territories are decided in different ways depending on the territory. They must still follow most imperial laws.
Unless the law is passed during a national emergency, the full enforcement period is 8 months. Laws are sometimes applied to specific regions first, to test their effects.

[Loungdako]

Proposed laws can come into being either by way of proposal by any member of the Imperial Assembly or by a petition exceeding 75,000 signatures. Both are then redirected to the Legislative Proposal Office and refined into a bill. After being screened by the Office to check for satirical, frivolous, or "inappropriate" content, it is sent to the House of the Elders for debate and a ceremonial vote, which is in no way binding. It is then sent to the House of the Youngers for actual debate and voting: If a plurality (or special majority depending on subject matter) of representatives vote in favor of the bill, it is sent to the Chancellor for review. If the Chancellor approves the bill, it is passed into law and made effective one month after passage. If it is not passed, it is sent to its supporters in the Assembly with recommended revisions.

[Forhillia]

The royal decides. Just a simple yes or no.

[Radiatia]

The best way to explain this is through a transcript of a comedy sketch that appeared once on Radiatian TV:

----

"How Laws Are Made"
A satirical sketch featured on the popular late night comedy show "The Fushi Sakka Show"

---

A cartoon boy is sitting on the steps of Xerconia Castle looking forlorn, when he is approached by an anthropomorphic piece of paper, meant to represent a bill of parliament.

Bill: "Well hey there, Billy! What are you looking so sad about?"

Billy: "Well, I'm wanting to be an efficient member of Radiatia's democracy, but I just don't know how."

Bill: "Well what don't ya know?"

Billy: "I want to make a law banning people from killing other people, but I just don't know how them dang laws are made..."

Bill: "Well I can show ya, because one day I hope to be a law myself! But first ya gotta pay me - no one's gonna help ya for free ya know!"

Billy hands over some cash.

Bill: "Great! Well, the first thing you need to know is that there are many types of laws.

By-laws only affect people in your community - your town, city or village.

State laws affect your state, while federal law affects everyone in the whole country, even people from Polaris!

There's also international laws but... haha. Hahahaha. AHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA! They're a joke."

Billy: "Well I want to make a federal law, making it illegal for everyone in Radiatia to kill people. But how do I do that?"

Bill: "Well Billy, laws are passed by the Federal Parliament. There's two chambers in parliament - the Federal Assembly and the Senate.

"The Federal Assembly's job is to ensure that the President can't pass his budget and to put things off for another year, while the Senate's job is to make sure that none of the President's plans regarding foreign policy work out either. That's because people in Parliament hate the President. Even his own party!"

Billy: "Why do they hate him?"

Bill: "They hate him because all he does is sign the bills that they create, but he gets all the credit."

Billy: "Oh so that's why everyone wants to be President so bad! You get to do no work and get all the credit for it!"

Bill: "Right you are, Billy! Well, what you need to do now is to contact your local MP or Senator and ask them to draft the law for you!"

Billy leaves but returns shortly afterwards looking dejected.

Bill: "Well Billy? What did they say?"

Billy: "Well my Senator just ignored me, while my MP's secretary sent me a letter saying thank you, but didn't address any of my concerns."

Bill: "Oh Billy! You're a crack-up! Do you honestly believe politicians give a shit about you? No, no... if you want them to help you, you need to threaten them first! Come on, let's go look up the public records at the library and see what dirt we can dig up on them!"

Later, at the library...

Bill: "Well, your Senator is considering running for President, so he had all his records destroyed in an 'accidental' fire, but it looks like your MP here was accused of drowning his wife 20 years ago. Why don't you tell him what you know and see if he helps you?"

Billy runs off, and then returns shortly afterwords, smiling.

Billy: "It worked! He drafted the bill, and is going to introduce it to the Federal Assembly!"

Bill: "Well we still have a lot of work to do! Now we have to convince the Speaker to schedule a reading of the bill. If the bill is urgent, then chances are the Speaker will delay it as long as possible. But if it's something that involves a pay-rise for MPs, you can bet it'll be top priority!"

Billy: "Well what happens if they do read it?"

Bill: "Well, you need the majority of the Federal Assembly's MPs to vote in favour of the bill for it to pass its first reading. Oh - it looks like they're doing that now!"

Scene shows MPs voting on the bill and the Speaker declaring it read a first time.

Bill: "Now comes the Select Committee phase. This is where the stupidest MPs pretend to be experts on things they're clueless about and add amendments to the bill. They also call for submissions from the public."

Billy: "You mean we're democratic enough that anyone can have their say on a bill?"

Bill: "Well sure, if you're gullible, but really it's where giant corporations bribe MPs into making changes that benefit them. Look Billy! Your bill to ban murder has now been amended into a bill that bans people from protesting against oil companies!"

Billy: "I don't feel so good about that..."

Bill: "No one does, Billy. That's why no one votes - Radiatia is a corrupt shit hole!"

Billy: "Well, at least it passed the second reading. But what are they doing now?"

Bill: "That's called Committee of the Whole House. It's where ignorant MPs like to make more changes to the bill to show how ignorant they are. See? That MP from Pfantz added an amendment banning chickens from flying!"

Billy: "Well at least they've agreed to something. They're reading it for the third time! Hey - what's happening to you?"

The anthropomorphic bill begins to shake and transform into an Act (i.e. a talking piece of paper with "Act" written on it instead of "bill")
'
Act: "I've been transformed from a bill... into an Act!"

Billy: "Are you the law yet?"

Act: "Not yet... I still have to go through the Senate."

Billy: "How do we get the Senators to vote for you?"

Act: "Well they usually have their own ideas, and the Senate hates the Federal Assembly. In fact... look, there's a conflicting Senate Act which wants to make murder legal in all states! This means they have to compromise."

Billy: "How do they do that?"

Act: "Simple! We find the most moderate LCP MP and team him up with the most moderate SDU Senator and then put both names on the bill and give a long speech about 'bipartisanship'. That's a buzzword that means "I want everyone's votes, even people who don't normally vote for me.'"

Billy: "Well they've agreed to something, but why is the debate taking so long?"

Act: "Oh, that Senator is filibustering. You see, in the Federal Assembly debates have time limits, but in the Senate people talk as long as they want. You might want to come back later..."

80 years later, Billy returns as a very old man.

Old man Billy: "Are they *cough* done *wheeze* yet?"

Act: "Just about! There you go... it's passed the Senate vote. Now we have to send it to the President!"

Billy: "Will he sign it?"

Act: "Only if he has enough media exposure. Quick! Get some journalists together, and make it look like good publicity!"

Journalists crowd around the President, who is smiling and waving and finally... signs the bill! The Act begins to transform into a law.

Law: "We did it Billy! We successfully passed a federal law banning goats from learning to drive!"

Billy: "Wait a minute... it was meant to be a law banning murder!"

Law: "Yes Billy, but we live in a democracy, which means we're ruled by the people! And everyone knows that people are fucking morons."

[Engadine Mcdonalds 1997]

Comrade Leader Jordan Shorten declares it so, and the people willingly follow. However before Comrade Leader Shorten's autocracy, bills and such were to be passed to the Parliament, who then voted on it, then the High Court would review the bill to see if it was constitutional, and it would then come into effect within 3 hours of the High Court's passing. Of course none of it matters now because Comrade Leader Shorten is The undisputed leader of Engadine Mcdonalds 1997 and he can pass whatever he wants

[Achaean Republic]

Laws in the Achaean Republic are passed through both branches of Congress. A law can start in either the House of Representatives or Senate. First, a committee is formed regarding the various projects needed in order to create a law or amend one. Once the committee is formed and the public is invited to weigh in on the proposed law, the text is drafted and presented to either branch for a quorum. At least 50% + 1 of members of each branch (151 of 300 in the House, 46 out of 90 in the Senate) in order to begin a discussion on the bill.

A bill must be approved by an absolute majority of members in both branches in order to go to the President's desk for signing. If the President signs the law, the bill becomes law. However, if the President does not sign the bill or lets it sit on the "docket" for at least 10 days, it is signed to law automatically by virtue of being officially published in the Gazeta Oficial de la República Acayana (Achaean Republic Official Gazette). There have been occasions, though, where the President has signed laws but requested certain amendments-even with the President's signature, the bill cannot become law until all amendments have been approved and corrected and published within 10 days in the Official Gazette.

There are exceptions. Appropriations bills (budget) and laws involving altering the Constitution must come from the House of Representatives first, then the Senate. The Senate, meanwhile, can approve foreign treaties and diplomatic affairs for the federal government.

[The Hazar Amisnery]

1. Dimitry Tereshkova states in parliament his idea for a new law
2. The other MPs give him advice
3. Tereshkova passes the law

[Moocow123450]

First, a proposal goes onto the floor of the legislature. This is a single house made up of representation throughout these islands. If it reaches 50% of present legislators assuming a quorum of at least 2/3 of legislators are present, then it can get sent to the president. The president can then veto the law, which can be overridden should 75% of present legislators assuming a quorum of at least 2/3rds of individuals are present, or be allowed. Note that there is only one house in the legislature. The president does have a third option in which they will essentially send the bill back to the legislature with suggested revisions. Afterwards, it's then send to the King, who then gives the final sign off of any law. This part is merely a formality and is not actually required for day to day legislation, though it's still preferred if possible.

A constitutional amendment has a bit of a more difficult process. Instead of only 50% of a quorum of at least 2/3rds voting for a new law, a constitutional amendment must require 75% of total legislators, including those not present, to vote for the amendment. The president does not get to veto and instead the king must sign off of the proposed amendment. Finally, after the king signs it, it must be passed by popular referendum. 50% of the populace must vote for this amendment, assuming at least 50% of voter participation. Should less than 50% of registered voters vote for that election, a special second referendum is held. This second referendum does not require at least 50% of the registered voter populace to vote, but still requires at least 50% of those who do vote to vote in favor of the proposed amendment. Should more than 50% of voters vote against the proposed amendment, it is not adopted.

[Bagong Luzon]

Legislation in the Kingdom starts from one of two possible pathways.

The first pathway is from the Royal Assembly. Composed of 130 counts and countesses, the Royal Assembly hears out a proposal and votes on it through a simple majority vote. In most cases, as soon as the vote passes, the proposal is sent to the King, who can agree with it through his signature or veto it either outright or through 30 days' inaction; the veto is final, with no option for override. In specific cases, however, the assent of the Dukes and Marquesses is required before a proposal becomes law; the King determines which proposals warrant assent by the other Greater Nobles (the collective term for Dukes, Marquesses, and Counts in the Kingdom) by calling them to a meeting regarding said proposals. He may, in theory, make his decision regardless of what the Dukes and Marquesses may voice out, but in practice, when the King calls them to a meeting to discuss a proposal that warrants their assent, he takes their opinions into account before deciding.

The second pathway is simple: the King issues a decree that becomes law.

[Haneke]

Referendum
1. A proposed law drafted by citizen(s) must gather at least 10,000 verified signatures.
2. The proposed law is forwarded to Parliament and then follows the Parliamentary Proposal procedures (see below).

Parliamentary Proposal
1. A Member of Parliament introduces a proposed law.
2. Another Member of Parliament seconds the proposed law. If no second can be found, the proposal dies.
3. A 30 day [ decision-making / debate / Q&A / public input ] period follows.
4. A vote is held. Proposal must achieve a 2/3rd majority vote. If not, the proposal dies.
5. If passed, the proposal is signed into law by the King or Queen. The King or Queen does not hold veto power.

Royal Decree
1. The King or Queen drafts and signs a decree.
2. Parliament has 10 days to veto by a 2/3rds majority. If vetoed, the decree dies.
3. If passed or ignored by Parliament, the decree becomes law.

[The United Colonies of Earth]

No law in the United Colonies of Earth may be enacted without the approval of the majority of the citizens of the responsible jurisdiction (one of the 5 million-plus planets and member states, one of the 600,000+ systems, one of the 395 subsectors and subsectoral delegations, one of the 38 sectors, one of the over 500 million subplanetary and sub-member state governmental entities, or the federal government) or a legislative majority elected and created in accordance with the constitutional provisions thereof. Most of them also need to be approved by the head of government and/or state of the jurisdiction in question, and may potentially be subject to pre-ratification judicial review by a court.
There is typically some degree of parliamentary procedure involving a committee on the bill's subject matter reviewing it before it is put into effect by the legislative quorum, and one or more periods to amend the bill.