The Democritus Gazette (approved participants only)

[Democritus Founder]

The Great War has ended, and a new chapter in history has begun!

---

The RP series Realm of Democritus continues, in a new setting - the immediate aftermath of the Great War.

---

After four years of conflict, the victorious Wartime Allied Powers - the French Republic, British Empire and Polish Republic - have concluded the Treaty of Versailles. With the Treaty receiving endorsement from the Associated Allied Powers, co-belligerents & overseas dominions, and being signed and witnessed by three neutral countries, the defeated German Empire has accepted the terms presented to them at the Paris Peace Conference. The controversial treaty - viewed by some as too lenient, by others as too harsh - will enter into force on January 10.

Although many have hailed the end of the Great War as the potential start of a new era of peace and liberal internationalism, many people across the world remain locked in a struggle for nationhood, civil liberty and survival. Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium and the Netherlands retain colonial possessions across the globe, whilst Japan and Pacifica are among the nations outside of Europe who possess territory outside of their own contiguous borders. The Revolutions of 1917 and aborted Treaty of Brest-Litovsk did not end bloodshed in Eastern Europe, with the Russian Civil War entering its final stages and the borders of many countries remaining contested or poorly-defined. Central Europe has an uncertain future, with the nationalities of the defeated Austro-Hungarian Empire and across the Balkans contesting different visions of a future distinct from that of the Habsburgs. Within the former Ottoman Empire, the Allies dictate terms to an Ottoman rump state from Constantinople whilst Britain, France, Greece and Italy seek to carve up Anatolia. A new Turkish Independence Movement has begun to rise up to challenge the European occupiers, making further conflict likely in the Near East prior to the conclusion of any final peace settlement.

These are among the many challenges that face the world on January 1, 1920. Many hope that the inaugural League of Nations summit in Paris, scheduled to take place on January 16, will offer a platform for dialogue and international cooperation to resolve these issues. But with the devastation and great loss of life apparent after the Great War still fresh in the minds of all attendees, is there any realistic chance to bring about meaningful change for the better?

[Democritus Founder]

Rules

This thread is for approved participants only to post IC updates on world events and domestic developments. For the most part, participants will only be approved if they reside in Democritus. Do not post here if you have not been approved by Democritus Founder/New Metropolitan France.

Out of character content is to be kept to a minimum in this forum thread.

Please don't make 'tag' or placeholder posts!

This is not a war RP, but news reports upon ongoing conflicts may be posted here.

Democritus Founder/New Metropolitan France may void posts from the RP continuity if required.

PLEASE PUT THE IC DATE AT THE START OF EACH RP POST

[Democritus Founder]

World Map, as of January 1 1920

[Orostan]

FIRST SOCIALIST STATE OFFICIALLY FORMED IN RUSSIA, BOLSHEVIKS WIN CIVIL WAR!

Following the flight of anti-communist forces from Sibera in late 1919 the Red Army has been on a winning streak against white holdouts in Ukraine and in the far east. Battles at Perekop and Chongar in late 1919 signaled the end of organized white resistance in the region while Sternberg's white group has fled into Mongolia and is presently fighting the Chinese over control of the territory. White troops are in addition to that retreating into Turkey and Poland while the Red Army continues to shell them. The official end of the civil war has not ended all reactionary resistance in the RSFR and fighting continues in Yakutia as well as in certain isolated parts of Siberia and Central Asia. The end of most fighting however has allowed for the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR by representatives of the Russian SFR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, and Transcaucasian SFR. The treaty was signed in moscow by Mikhail Frunze for the USSR, Mikhail Kalinin for the Russian SFR, Grigory Petrovsky for the Ukrainian SSR, Aleksandr Chervyakov for the Byelorussian Republic, and Mikhail Tskhakaya for Transcaucasia. The treaty leaves open the possibility of more member states entering the USSR.

Following the formation of the USSR there are two major questions raised. The first is the structure of the state's government which as of now is mostly filled by already existing Bolshevik Party offices and departments. A proper constitution's drafting to determine that will have to wait until the entire country is secured and can be properly organized. The second question most frequently asked is immediate policy following the end of the civil war. This is especially relevant considering the horrific economic situation. It is estimated that Petrograd's population alone has declined by nearly half, with declines of up to one quarter in most urban centers. Food and other goods are in constant short supply and disease is common. Much of the industrial base of Russia is in ruins and a great deal of agricultural production has been seriously disrupted. The state of infrastructure across the USSR is somehow even worse. Seventy percent of locomotives on the Soviet railways require repair while a great deal of track has been torn up or otherwise damaged. Workers are being paid in goods rather than money in the cities and rural areas are burdened with grain requisitions that are necessary to feed the urban population which is barely getting by as it is.

Despite the difficulties war communism has won the Bolsheviks the war. The Red Army is massive and numbers well over a million men. The Bolshevik party has the most power it has ever had, and the first socialist state in history has been formed. The war has cost the former Russian Empire the most out of any country in Europe, but it has also opened a bright future.

RED ARMY BEGINS OFFENSIVE INTO THE CAUCASUS, TROOP BUILD UP IN SIBERIA

The Transcaucasian SFSR does not currently control the majority of its claimed territory, and Tskhakaya's signature on the founding document of the USSR was more symbolic than anything else. As it is the Caucasus are controlled for the most part by anti-communist bourgeois governments. These governments despite their instability and insurrections mounted against them by local workers have remained in power in part due to foreign aid. Recent unrest by Ossetian populations in the northeast of Georgia and isolated socialist revolts across the region have led the Soviet leadership to authorize an invasion of Georgia and Azerbajin as well as Armenia. Aided by captured Entente tanks and the divided nature of the bourgeois Caucasus republics, the 11th Army has begun two major offensives into the region. The first aims to reach Batumi in the south of Georgia as quickly as possible while the second is directed towards the oil producing city of Baku. It is expected that the rough terrain will delay the Red Army, but the bourgeois government's are ill equipped and have few men. The real threat is the Turkish state in Ankara which despite fighting the Entente imperialists claims a great deal of territory currently controlled by the Caucasus governments, and is prepared to enter into a territorial dispute with the USSR over Batumi. Both sides want that particular city because of its strategic and economic importance. The side that occupies it will no doubt have an upper hand during negotiations.

On the other side of the country and almost the world in the Far Eastern Republic, which has now begun to be incorporated into the RSFR, Soviet troops are preparing for a potential invasion of the Japanese occupied area. Already there have been skirmishes along that region of the Amur. It is expected though that the Japanese can be convinced to withdraw peacefully. Their position in Siberia is untenable, and would be incredibly costly for Japan to keep if it could. The recent defeat of the Chinese in Mongolia and the establishment of a reactionary puppet government ran in all but name by Baron Ungern-Sternberg is the last hope of the white movement in the far east, but Soviet troops are on the Mongolian border as well and together with Mongol partisans have a good chance at liberating the country before the year is out.

[Old Metropolitan France]

DATE: JANUARY 1, 1920

Quadruple Entente formed in Western Europe!

The wartime allies of Western Europe - the Kingdom of Spain, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Third French Republic – today formed a new partnership with the (formerly neutral) Portuguese Republic following a meeting in Paris.

The cornerstone of the Quadruple Entente will be the establishment of an Entente Expeditionary Force, comprised of 63,000 men under arms, which will be trained extensively with the goal of joint operations across a range of environments as required. It is understood that Britain and France will commit 20,000 personnel each for the E.E.F, whilst Spain and Portugal will contribute 15,000 and 8,000.

It is planned that within three years the E.E.F will have the readiness required to deploy under a range of diverse terrain and military crisis scenarios outside of Europe, drilled to operate as a singular combat force. To facilitate this desired level of collaboration, all officers and personnel will be provided English language training and share equipment wherever practical.

With the legacy of the Great War still being felt across the globe, this new Quadruple Entente is perhaps indicative of a shift towards collective security by the great powers being on the horizon. All eyes will remain on Europe as the Treaty of Versailles becomes effective on January 11.

Major battles expected soon in Anatolia

Causalities in Anatolia continue to mount as insurgent attacks intensify within French Cilicia. Franco-Armenian forces continue to amass near Maraş, with Turkish nationalist activity in the surrounding area indicative of a major offensive in the near future. The French Republic remains committed to the terms agreed under the Armistice of Mudros, and views the occupation of Cilicia as vital to restoring stability to the defeated Ottoman Empire as a whole. The situation across Anatolia more generally is concerning, with French garrisons at Zonguldak and Karadeniz Ereğli on the Black Sea coast being reinforced, and further commitments being made to the occupation of Constantinople. With negotiations towards a final peace settlement with the Ottoman Sultan expected to conclude later in the year, the outcome of any coming confrontation in Cilicia may greatly shape events to come.

French economic reform conference

The need for substantial reform of the French economy continues to become more evident by the day, with material and fiscal damage inflicted during the Great War remaining neglected. It is understood that a special economic conference will be held in Paris later in the year, with attendance from those of both the left and right, to discuss potential future pathways for recovery. Foreign representatives, scholars, trade unionists, industry leaders and economists will all be provided speaking opportunities at the conference, in the hope of generating open discussion which might deliver benefits across sectors. To alleviate the most pressing demands placed upon the French state, the government has voted to continue agricultural subsidies for a further four years, and sponsored prospective exporters who intend to move into the German market following the removal of tariff barriers as required by the Treaty of Versailles later this month. The biggest question of all, however, will be whether the country recommits to the gold standard.

Developments to watch:

Code: Select all

Armament exports increase as Great War surplus liquidated. Entente sign joint non-aggression pact with the East African Commonwealth. French citizens evacuated from the Rif.

[Orostan]

---

---

---

Two fairly young men sit on logs around a camp fire. The sun is setting on the plain behind them and a small cabin is burning. A few soldiers are leaning on a horse drawn cart near that smoking. The camp fire is being fueled by a blood stained black flag with a skull on it and some text. The text isn't legible any more. There is a pot of soup held up over the fire by a tripod. Despite all the fire the air is cold and all the men wear brown military coats.

"Ivan?" says one of the men, looking up to his friend.

"Yes, Sergei?" answers the other, continuing to clean the gun in his hands.

"Was it worth it?"

"Was what worth it?"

"The war."

"This one, you mean?"

"Yes this one Ivan, which other would I mean?"

"I just thought you meant the one with Germany for a moment."

"Oh".

The two men were silent for a moment. The shorter and younger one, Ivan adjusted his coat.

"I think it was." answered Sergei.

"I think it was too."

"That's good to hear, I thought you'd been won over by those anarchist bandits or something."

"No, it's not that. It's just... was all this really necessary?" Ivan said, gesturing at the burning building. Sergei looked over at the cabin.

"Oh. That. Well, the guy had a gun. I'm sure Dimitri didn't mean to shoot that gasoline tank though."

"No, I mean the devastation in general."

"Well, that's war."

"Does it have to be this bad though?"

"Sometimes. Sometimes not. Russia was always like this though. If you didn't drink yourself to death you'd be killed in a war or die of starvation or something horrible."

"What about now?

"What do you mean 'what about now'?"

"I mean now that we have socialism."

Sergei sighed, and kept on scrubbing his gun with the rag. It already looked clean to Ivan but he didn't bring that up.

"Lenin can't just turn on socialism. It's not that simple."

"Why not?"

"It's a complicated thing. You need to read the paper more."

Sergei reaches into a leather bag beside his foot and pulls out a crumpled issue of Pravda.

"See this? It says we won the war." Sergei says, holding the paper's front page up to Ivan.

"I am illiterate Sergei. You know this."

"It still says we won."

"Does it say we can have socialism soon?"

"Eh. Sort of. There are many problems around that. Lenin says the country is fucked."

"Oh. So no socialism for now then?"

"No, we'll have it. Things will get better."

"I certainly hope so." said Ivan. The campfire was weakening now and the sun was nearly under the horizon.

"Eat some soup Ivan. The fire's almost out."

Ivan reached for a metal spoon resting in the bubbling liquid.

---

---

---

[Nowa Polonie]

Teatime in a Warsaw Cafe



Warsaw was once upon a time called ''The Paris of the East'' - ironically, perhaps, it still was in many ways; streets choked with demobilized, idle soldiers who quarelled often with the authorities, a festering underbelly of urban poverty and in stark contrast, what passed for bourgeois society in Eastern Europe - nowhere else West of Berlin boasts as many cabarets, cafes, restaurants, movie theatres or burlesque shows. Sitting in one such cafe, over black coffee and vodka, sat a few figures of Poland's ruling camarilla - Piłsudski, the Generallisimo, Dmowski, the leader of the civilian government, and a straggle of high-ranking officers and intelligentsia. It made a strange sight, but the times had called for it - with the Crisis of 1917 forcing the Army to seize control to prevent Poland falling out of the war, or worse, into the German sphere.

The waiter who served them overheard many topics of conversation - the issue of incorporating Krecy, or the so-called 'Poland-B', encompassing the territories in the East that Poland had inherited during the collapse of the defunct Russian Empire - the issue of the still very active, and still very armed Freikorps paramilitaries active in the most heavily Germanized parts of Pomerania and Silesia, who had continued to confound and resist the efforts of the government to extend its administration into territories that had been lost to Poland for centuries. The spectrum of problems was so great, and some so profoundly troubling, that it was understandable why they might have chosen to discuss them over coffee. Eight pots of coffee in fact, and three bottles of vodka, in as many hours, until retiring to a small fleet of limousines, the men would depart - each invariably to carry out.

The Man behind the Wire



''Defeat lined the faces of these over-old boys and tired, grey-haired men, eyes dull with lethargy and hands invariably stuffed away to stab at some nebulous source of warmth to spite the penetrating cold. A sad, shivering creature, and one that we may hope soon disappears from the face of the Earth - man as cattle behind wire.''

- Pamphlets distributed by the Polish Socialist Party in the Winter of 1919, describing the conditions of German POWs.

Since the signing of the Versailles Armistace, the issue of German prisoners of war has been one that has troubled the apparatus of the Polish state for some time - approximately 120,000 are still held in custody by the Polish Government, and being used labour duties to repair roads, recover and remove remaining ordnance, and any other purpose the Polish can find for them. This state of affairs has continued for over a year now, in no small part due to the sheer scale of damage inflicted throughout the war, but also because of the administrative and political issues surrounding their return; many are without means of properly identifying themselves, some are so-called 'Volksdeutsche' recruited during the conflict in the Eastern theatre, some come from territories now incorporated to Poland, with a Polish Government in power which must expel them in order to give them their freedom - an extremely undesirable position for any to be in, and one which has created something of a scandal and crisis for the government.

Both the Liberals and Socialists have rallied an effort to see POWs released, though opinions are divided - some propose an immediate improvement of conditions in POW camps, and a graduated release, a stance typically held by many in the Liberal parties, and the Francophilic factions within the Polish Socialist Party, many of the most ardent moralists of the Liberal parties now find themselves allied with the so-called 'Bolshevik' faction of the PSP, led most vocally by Felix Dzirzinski, who has advocated the immediate release, or to use his own words, 'expulsion', of all German POWs, as well as their families should they too live in Poland - their role in reparing the damages caused after the Great War would then be filled by labourers employed by public works programs to help resolve the issue of rural unemployment, particularly in the East of the country. The case has been a great source of material for political humourists, who have found great joy in the chaos of Polish politics.

The Sejm has found itself embroiled in debate, largely ignored by a largely absent - and silent - Piłsudski, who has so far dodged questions directed to him, declaring that the issue of German POWs is one that is being addressed with 'urgent attention', though without elaborating further. Regardless, the issue has raised a stink, and has enflamed passions - why allow Germans to take work that might be done by Poles? Why allow Germans to be in Poland at all? The persuasiveness of nationalist narratives peddled by practically every party has over-ran the government's position and extracting reperations and humiliating vengeance on the Germans by maintaining what are in practice German labour colonies - the resulting brew of economic, ethical and nationalist arguments have created something of a perfect storm, and some now speculate that the Polish Government is drawing plans for an entire population exchange.

The Standoff in Prussia



If the precariousness of the position of ethnic Germans in the newly integrated Polish territories were not otherwise apparent, the existence of numerous so-called 'Freikorps' organizations make it bluntly obvious. Hostile to a new German democracy, which they feel has 'left them behind', and resentful at the notions that they should relinquish territory they feel to be German, or that they should abandon their previous first-class citizenship under German hegemony, many have flocked to militia organizations - the appeal is obvious; a return to military organisation, and feelings of purpose, to a huge population of demobilized soldiers, struggling to find both gainful, and meaningful, employment in a world that has progressed beyond the war.

Some of the more liberal members of the Sejm might even take pity on the unenviable position many of these men find themselves in, were it not for their ongoing campaigns. Dozens of different organisations, operating independently of each other under the cult of one officer or another, but all galvanized by a shared feeling of Prussian reaction to the new order of a world that has relegated Prussia to the bust-bin of history. In the past year alone, dozens of dead Polish bureacrats, police officers - hundreds of prominent members of the newly ascendent Polish middle-class in newly integrated territories. The situation has until now been a quietly simmering sore on the stability of one of Europe's youngest republics, but it has recently reached a point of crisis. While the government has, until now, been content to half-tolerate the ongoing acts of terror, as the issue of merely founding the republic has been resolved, and the war is ended, the problem has become all the more apparent, and every additional death the more compelling; something must be done.

And so, quietly, without fanfare, in what is now Western Poland, the Polish Government has begun to lay its preperations for what potentially may be one of the ugliest episodes of the post-war; the forceful disarmament of a population resolved to resist, and the final destruction of a nation. While it may be said that the scars of war have not yet healed across Europe, it may be said of Silesia, Pomerania, and Prussia that they threaten once again to be torn open.

[Puertollano]

WAR RE-CONSTRUCTION TO BE FINALISED, ASSURES PRESIDENT

President William Molloy updated the National Parliament on the progress of the War Re-Construction, as per the guidelines with the Antipodean War Re-Construction Act of 1866. Major projects of re-construction, including of ports and rail-lines and projected to be mostly complete, with the final re-constructions to be finalized in 1921. The post-War re-construction has included the investment in infrastructure (such as the rail-roads and ports) and the building of the first national high-way. Much industrial output is predicted to increase as the domestic manufacturing industry expands as a result. The unveiling of the new highway, the Lalor Highway - named after revolutionary leader in the Antipodean War of Independence - was conducted by Vice-President Bruce Irish only a few months prior to crowds of local residents. The Antipodean War of Independence, which devastated the continent from 1854 to 1866, lead to the defeat of the British Colonial Forces, but victory was pyrrhic. Since this victory, a mixture of independent political actors and the United Front have successfully contended national elections. Despite the natural cooling of tensions, below the surface anti-Imperial sentiments still grow strong among a newly free populace.


FEDERATION AERIAL SERVICES ESTABLISHED IN LONGREACH

The Federation Aerial Services (FAS) has been established in Longreach, Eastern Antipodea. A first of its kind within the region of Oceania, the Federation Aerial Services will be a primarily domestically based aerial transportation service. Its pilot headquaters in Longreach is expected to expand to Brisbane should the trials be successful. FAS was established by the Ministry of Transportation, the service being owned and operated by the Federal Government. So far, this is only one of three in existence in the entire world and the President has welcomed this news. "The Republic of Antipodea will be pioneer of technology and innovation," he replied curtly to a request from the Gazette. The service is not yet open to citizenry, but the charter of the FAS intends for it to extend to such. Until then, it will be primarily be used for the transportation of goods and services between many of the remote communities in Northern and Eastern Antipodea.

COUNTRY PARTY FOUNDED, LEADER DISPELLS CONCERN OF MONARCHIST INFILTRATION

In political related news, grazier and former Monarchist sympathizer, Earle Page, has founded the Country Party. Despite previously aiding in the British Imperial Army during the Antipodean War of Independence, Page was found not guilty by the post-War Justice Tribunal. Page has since continued his support for the idea of an Antipodea once again being tied to its 'Motherland' in Europe, however he has since distanced the Country Party from that position. In its manifesto, the Country Party intends to unite agrarian and rural interests into a fully-fledged political party to contest seats in the National Parliament. Since the war, this has been the first configuration of a right-ward party still interested in maintaining closer relations to Great Britain. In response to the founding of the Country Party, Vice-President Bruce Irish commented that it would not negotiate with a party so openly accepting of Imperial submission to form government. Mr Irish insisted that any government lead by him and President William Molloy would be a majority-led government under the United Front ticket. Earle Page has not responded to this retort for publication.

Image: Founding members of the Country Party pictured.

[Anxiety Cafe]

---

 FOUNDED 1857

CAPE TOWN, THURSDAY, JANUARY 1, 1920

PRICE 3c 

---

 

THE SIXTH PROVINCE: SOUTH WEST AFRICA


Treaty of Versailles allows annexation
By Colin Klerk

With the implementation of the Treaty of Versailles will come the official incorporation of the South African Confederation's sixth province, South West Africa. This territory, liberated from Germany by South African forces during the Great War, is to be ceded to the SAC in recognition of its contributions. This process has added to the already legendary status of Prime Minister Jan Smuts, who has long pursued the incorporation of Southern African territories and, along with his recently-deceased predecessor, PM Botha, had played a prominent role in the British Empire's war efforts and the subsequent peace negotiations.

Despite this, political troubles seem on the rise for Smuts and the South African Party, whose philosophy of white unity is seemingly falling flat among the Afrikaners and the now-significant German population, who instead heavily support the J.B.M. Hertzog-led National Party, where anti-British sentiments run rampant. National Party leaders opposed South African intervention in the Great War and oppose still British rule, and hope to gain to gain significantly in the 1924 elections. Demographic trends seem to secure the sixth province in their favor; Afrikaners from Cape Province, where they have long been vastly outnumbered by Anglo-South Africans, are already migrating to the central and southern areas of the sparsely-populated new lands; south of the native-dominated Ovamboland, which is bound to be dissolved into reserves in the Afrikaner-dominated province.

Conflict is already brewing between the two; Walvis Bay, an exclave of Cape province on South West Africa's coasts, is the center of the British population and the SAP's power in the region; but the National Party and its supporters are demanding its incorporation into the new province. As the only port on the province's coast and an important stop along the Cape route around the continent, the National Party fears it will be used to economically control the new province, while the SAP supports the continuation of the Cape province's historical ownership over the territory.
 

 

NATIVES RELEASE DEMANDS


Local chiefs organize
By Harry Schwarz

The South African Native National Congress, an organization claiming to represent the native peoples of the Dominion, has begun a process of reorganization. It's official aims involve overcoming tribal differences, which it says were "created by whites." Led by a Zulu, John Dube, it is notable for organizing a number of strikes by black mine workers in the Witwatersrand, as well as anti-pass protests. It shares many of its tactics with the Natal Indian Congress, which has also pursued nonviolent protests.

The SANNC has yet to become a political force, and is quite unlikely to do so, having little support among voters. However, it has become influential in the Bechuanaland, Basutoland, and Swaziland protectorates, whose status is protected by the British, much to the ire of National Party leaders. The chiefs of those lands hold high positions within the organization and frequently support illegal strikes and efforts to destabilize the SAC.

Together with the SANNC and other native organizations, they have presented requests to the SAC demanding the retrocession of historical lands back to the Bechuanaland, Basutoland, and Swaziland protectorates, as well as the reestablishment of the Zulu, Matabele, Bapedi, Ndebele, and Xhosa kingdoms under similar legal positions. They have also asked for the repeal of the Native Land Acts of the Transvaal and Transoranje provinces, which organizes reserves for black land ownership, and the expansion of the Cape and Natal provinces' non-racial franchise system. None of these demands are likely to be met.
 

[Lendenburgh]

January 1, 1920

Dust Settles over the New Republic
After over a year of conflict and the abdication of the Kaiser’s government, the streets of Berlin still lie scorched by the flames of revolution. The Social Democrats have managed to scrape together a coalition government under the First Reichspräsident Friedrich Ebert, yet they still refuse to leave the small town of Weimar, fearing backlash from all sides over the unbearable defeat which the Reich has suffered. Sleeping on empty stomachs, and reeling from the horror of the War, the people undoubtedly hope Ebert will lead Germany into a new era of prosperity.

The revolutionary council's institution of universal suffrage for all Germans over the age of 20, an 8 hour work day, healthcare, and protections for all working men will help to mend the tears carved into our nation. And, with the establishment of the new Weimar constitution, not yet 3 months old, it seems that Germany has rejected both the Soviet Worker's Council model and the old monarchy. Despite the objections of the President himself in 1918, the new parliamentary democracy currently lies in the hands of liberal parties and the center, while conservatives such as the German National People's Party form the opposition and favor a return to the rule of the Kaiser. In contrast to the liberal optimism of the coalition government, this old guard remains appalled at the democratizing wave which has swept the nation.

Both General Hindenburg, and Ludendorff from exile in Sweden, have raged against the German populace for stabbing the Deutsches Heer in the back and making the continuation of the War untenable. Considering President Ebert’s cooperation with the Army’s High Command and Freikorps in putting down rebellions- including his signing of an agreement with General Groener- it does not seem the Social Democrats are rejecting these accusations, despite being the ones to accede to the humiliation at Versailles.

The newly organized Communist Party, under the leadership of Karl Liebknecht, has accepted the results of the treaty, but like many conservatives, believes the establishment of a liberal democracy will be to the detriment of the nation. Currently organizing within the new worker’s councils established by the Social Democrats’ decrees, the party is seeking to participate in the next round of parliamentary elections. This is despite the repeated warnings from the Center and Right that any Communist involvement in government will precipitate yet another revolution.

Refugees pour into the Fatherland from stolen territory


Regardless of their political alignment, all Germans are horrified to see the newly established Polish ‘state’ gouged out of their ancestral homeland. Citizens who have lived in Prussia for centuries are being forced to abandon their homesteads and flee the onslaught of nationalists who have occupied their land. As if this pain was not enough to suffer, the so-called ‘Allied Powers’ have also demanded the newly founded government use what little resources it has to furnish these thieves with millions of marks; a specific demand included that Germany disarm its Baltic coast so as to allow further Polish aggression to go unpunished.

Brave freedom fighters in Freikorps on the Eastern border have thankfully heeded the call to protect ethnic Germans in areas that the newly formed Reichswehr is forbidden by the treaty. Socialists such as Liebknecht seem concerned that the prevalence of the Freikorps will lead to instability under the new regime, but President Ebert has proven their effectiveness at neutralizing threats to the German population, and promises that the High Command under Groener has an adequate hold on the situation.

Government Prepares to meet obligations under Versailles
The SPD's recent convention in Zwickau focused on how the Weimar government would meet the obligations set by the treaty- especially the egregious demands promised to the Poles. The party has agreed to focus firstly on ending the famine currently gripping the nation, after which industrial concerns will take top priority. The reparations were undoubtedly the most contentious issue at the conference, considering the recent devaluation of the papiermark, as well as the threat of British and French companies entering the German market without any protection for domestic industry.

The party states that decrees made on the reorganization of agricultural labor, as well as further organization of worker's councils and worker-elected healthcare boards will help to end the famine and protect German employees from these newfound threats. Though only time can tell whether Ebert's government is able to successfully guide the German people through the immense challenges which face them, it must be said that compared to the last two years, the spirits on the streets of Frankfurt, Munich, and Berlin seem even more distraught. The horrors of the War have followed Germany into peace, a fatigued population begging for relief louder than ever.

[Arela]

Liberal Party Victorious in Electoral Upset

After decades of Conservative hegemony, the Andean Liberal Party has reigned victorious following a closely contested election. The Liberal Party won the presidency with a narrow margin of fourteen thousand votes. It has also secured the House of Representatives, but the Conservatives have retained control over the Senate. Although some feared the Conservatives would contest the election, key Conservative politicians have verbalized their commitment towards a peaceful transition of power. For now, at least, it seems peace will be kept in Andea. However, Benjamín Herrera, the Andean president-elect, remains a deeply controversial figure.

During the bloody Thousand Days' War, Herrera was one of the Liberal's Party top military strategists, second only to Rafael Uribe Uribe. In 1914, Uribe Uribe was killed by two ax-wielding workers, an act which many blamed the Conservatives for. Despite Uribe Uribe's fate, Herrera's credentials have led many Conservative supporters to describe him as a "murderer" and "maniac" which should not be given the presidency. In face of this large opposition, Liberal supporters have organized pro-Herrera marches across the country. Herrera in turn has attempted to restore order across the country, calling for peace and unity.

With Herrera's inauguration only days away, he has announced a radically ambitious reform proposal: The fight against greed and corruption. Support for trade unions and worker rights. Political decentralization. The reduction of wealth inequality. The nationalization of natural recourses and railways. And support for oppressed people throughout the world. These wide-reaching ambitions have led to detractors calling Herrera a socialist, a claim which he has denied. Afterward, Herrera proceeded to condemn the newly-created USSR as an "evil abomination," and demanded it immediately stop its illegal invasion of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.

In terms of foreign policy, Herrera has stated that he'll pursue closer Pan-American cooperation. Herrera has also called for the Entente to stop its invasion of Turkey. The president-elect has stated that the world ought to "make peace, not war." While most doubt that any of the great powers will take Herrera's word to heart, there's still hope that Andea's presence in the inaugural League of Nations summit will help lead to a more peaceful and just world.

---

Other News: The Andean military has announced that its air force will be created by early 1921. Recruits from the School of Military Aviation and overseas programs have shown promise, and the Andean military has displayed interest in acquiring additional aircraft from foreign countries.

[United Kingdom of Syria and Palestine]

Constitution of Syria-Palestine passed - United Kingdom of Syria-Palestine formed and recognized as an independent state!

1/4/1920

---

The Levant has been a troubled are of the World, effected adversely by the Great War, and a major battle ground between French, British, Syrian and Palestinian rebels against the Ottoman Empire. The war has only recently subsided, and in its power vacuum a Syrian-Palestinian state has emerged as the new, now victorious ruling order. A state ruled by Syrian, Palestinian, and French nobility.

According to reporters from Damascus, Syria, the anomaly Mafia/Rogue state that was Syria and Palestine has recently conducted a move that, though seemed outlandish at the time, had formally united following the defeat of the last Ottoman Forces in the region. This unification has now been solidified by the signing of a constitution, with consent from local governors, Syrian national resistance leaders, Palestinian leaders, and observed by Syrian, Palestinian and French nobilities that had been invited to rule as their King. The state is emerging out of a blood ridden Middle East, and if it can maintain stability in its region, could become a regional powerhouse. Though many throughout Syria and Palestine are just glad to have the war be over, some fear for the future. For the longest of time, the Christian nobility was kept in check by the Ottoman Empire's authority. However, we can only speculate how they will run the country as its new ruling class.

A military parade was performed in Damascus and Jerusalem, and thousands celebrate throughout the streets of every sizeable city, with the soldiers being dressed in very basic light tan uniforms, with turbans and caps on their heads and wielding a mix between Ottoman, French and British weaponry, riding predominantly on horseback or marching on-foot. A few armored cars, tanks, and fighter aircraft - gifted to them by the French were unveiled, revealing the preparedness and military prowess of the new state. In between the marches, King Jean-Pierre had recently given a speech at Damascus, stating his promises for a "Secure, Stable, and Strong" nation, calling the country a "beautiful one, containing a diverse set of religions and ethnic groups." This speech filled the confidence of many throughout the city. Already, among the upper houses and upper echelons of French nobility and Syrian and Palestinian statesmen have been talks of composing series of legislation geared towards economic reforms, industrialization and militarization that will otherwise lay the foundations for a Syria-Palestinian state.

---

IN OTHER NEWS:
Syria-Palestinian Armed-Forces to be consolidated. What will be the fate of the militias? [JAN 4th]
Syrian militias fortify around Antioch; fears over Ottoman skirmishes remain high [DEC 30th]
10,000 strong legion of Syrian and Palestinian volunteers begin their march to Russia to...Fight for the reds? [DEC 29th]

[Bengal and Assam]

A New Decade: Canada to the 20s


As Canada has entered a new decade, we at the Toronto Telegram would like to look back at all that happened in the decade we left in the pages of history.

The 1910s have been a decade of both bloodshed and achievement, and Canada has been a part of both of these, although feelings may vary between individuals. The 1910s have been a decade of progress to our country, especially for women, we had our first female professor, airplane pilot, yet more representation in sports, and the women of our Dominion have finally won a fight fought on since the beginning of Confederation to have their say in government and be recognised as “persons”.

On the other hand, 67,000 Canadians have given their life on the Front to keep the peace in Europe. This war has simply increased the rift between the already divided Anglo and French populations of the Dominion, due to the issue of conscripts fighting in a war that “does not serve French-Canadian interests”, which includes demands to end conscription. However, the government has insisted to rather extend conscription, which has been introduced in 1870 after the civil war down south, from the Canadian Militia to the Army and the relatively newly formed Royal Canadian Navy.

In the international side, many in government are at odds over the Russian government in exile in Alaska. Canada originally intended to purchase the colony from Russia to gain a much-needed coast in the Pacific. However, such plans will from now on be on paper only due to a Bolshevist takeover of the Russian homeland

---

Advertisement by the Ottawa Freak Exhibition and Circus

---

Versailles Treaty to be signed a week from now. Peace in Europe?


News comes from Paris that the Versailles Treaty between Germany and the Entente states will be signed by next week. Canadian diplomats and representatives are on stand-by in Paris, ready to witness this historic event, one which many are saying will lay the foundations for peace in Europe for decades to come. The Assembly of the League of Nations, the post-war organisation tasked with upholding world peace and cooperation will meet the following week.

On this side of the Pond in Ottawa, Prime Minister Borden has repeatedly assured the House of Commons, and Canadians by extension, that Canada will be represented as its own entity at the League, with its own voice for the British Empire and Canadians.

[Fregantes Empire]

Hakimiyet-i Milliye

Date: 01/01/1920

---

National Existence in Question!

---

The Turkish people, a proud nation that has never been subjugated in history, is facing an existential threat. Our Eternal State has been illegally occupied by the Entente Powers since the signing of the Armistice of Mudros, partitioned by hungry imperialists. Our possessions in the Middle East have been stripped away, taken by usurpers, traitors and greedy mandate supporters. While it is too late for these provinces, it is not the case for the Motherland.
Since May 1919, The Turkish Independence Movement has labored to liberate the Motherland from these illegal invaders hoping to partition our lands. The Amasya Circular and the Congresses in Erzurum and Sivas have rallied the people, the intellectuals and the remaining armed forces in Anatolia refusing to lay down arms, under the banner of the Association for the Defense of Rights in Anatolia and Rumelia/Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti (ADRAR), the amalgamation of all associations for the defence of rights in the land, centered in Sivas, soon to move to Ankara. Headed by the Hero of Gallipoli himself, Mustafa Kemal Pasha and many other esteemed individuals such as Kazım Karabekir Pasha and Ali Fuat Pasha, the executive organ of the ADRAR, the Committee of Representation/Heyet-i Temsiliye, has declared itself the centre of nation-wide resistance. Already, provincial governors in Anatolia are declaring allegiance to the Committee of Representation, followed by the brave irregular fighters of the National Forces/Kuva-yi Milliye.

The situation is dire, however. In the East, the Armenian militias and gangs have occupied Kars, Ardahan and Sarikamish, while the Georgians have crossed the border to occupy Batumi, all these lands being reunited with the Motherland after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Kazım Karabekir Pasha, in command of the XV. Army Corps centred in Erzurum (which refused the order to disband), is prepared for a lightning strike against the Armenians. The campaign is expected to start shortly

In the West, our dear capital is under the Occupation of British and French forces, our beloved Caliph and Sultan (OOC: He isn’t exactly a prisoner, but the nationalist newspaper portrayed him as one so I am doing the same to keep the historical narrative accurate) being their prisoner and the government in Constantinople nothing more than their puppets. The Greeks have landed in Symrna, and already started exacting oppression on our people, martyring our kin as they march.

In the South, the Italians have occupied Lycia, Muğla, Halicarnassos and Antalya. The French forces have occupied Cilicia, their HQ being supposedly the city of Adana. As they arrive and advance, Kuva-yi Milliye militias gather to oppose them, adamant in their resolve to soak the Motherland in blood before losing more of it. The treasonous Arabs, meanwhile, have created many states in our old provinces, the most notable being Syria-Palestine. While rumours talk of an agreement between them and the Committee of Representation, the situation is not clear.
The skies are darkening, the Turkish nation must fight to bone to survive the upcoming time of troubles.



The Parliament to Reconvene!

---

As stipulated in the Amasya Protocol (22 October 1919) the Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Parliament/Meclis-i Mebusân is to reconvene on 12th of January. It is stated that the Chamber of Deputies will not reconvene outside of the capital however, and will reconvene in the usual the usual meeting place, Cemile Sultan Palace.
The reason for the extraordinary session of the Chamber of Deputies is simple: to ratify the six points which were formulated and agreed upon in the Congress of Erzurum and the Congress of Sivas. These six points, jointly called the “National Oath”/“Misak-ı Milli, are as follows:

Misak-ı Milli:
1. The future of the territories inhabited by an Arab majority at the time of the signing of the Armistice of Mudros will be determined by a referendum. On the other hand, the territories which were not occupied at that time and inhabited by a Turkish majority are the homeland of the Turkish nation.
2. The status of Kars, Ardahan and Batumi may be determined by a referendum.
3. The status of Western Thrace will be determined by the votes of its inhabitants.
4. The security of Constantinople and Marmara should be provided for. Transport and free trade on the Straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles will be determined by Turkey and other concerned countries.
5. The rights of minorities will be issued on condition that the rights of the Muslim minorities in neighboring countries are protected.
6. In order to develop in every field, the country should be independent and free; all restrictions on political, judicial and financial development will be removed.

While Mustafa Kemal Pasha and the other members of the Committee of Representation are invited as well, fearing his parliamentary immunity might not be respected, the Pasha will remain in Anatolia. This of no concern however, as the cries of the nation need not one soul to represent itself in the face of existential threat. Many deputies already declared themselves for the National Cause, and they have formed the group “Emancipation of the Motherland”/”Felah-ı Vatan” headed by Rauf Bey, a member of the Committee of Representation.
It can only be hoped that the deputies are aware of the grim situation of the nation.

Other News:

---

- Five infantry divisions of the XV. Army Corps ready to cross the old border with Armenia, skirmishes already present with Armenian militias. Kazım Karabekir Pasha offers no comment to maintain secrecy.
- Atrocities committed by the Greek invaders growing in number and cruelty everyday. The Kuva-yi Milliye irregulars regularly skirmishing with elements of the Greek army near Symrna.
- Rumours of an “Army of the Caliph”/“Kuva-yi Inzibatiye” circuling around the nation. Is the Sultan-Caliph coerced into helping the Entente powers?

[Grandes Terres]

1st January 1920
Mayflower, Federal Capital District

---

ROCK ON THE ROARING TWENTIES - PRESIDENT ROBERT W. SPENCER ANNOUNCES AGE OF PROSPERITY AHEAD

---

PROSPERITY is the name of the game, and it's taking Virginia by storm. President Spencer recently gave his annual new years speech in which he declared that "An era of prosperity is ahead for all Virginians! Whether you're north or south, in the mountains or the plains, farm or city, all Virginians can expect a bright future ahead." The positive message from the President came as news arrived that the Virginian economy is expanding like never before, with a growing middle class and industrialisation improving the quality of life of millions of Virginians, who have been lifted out of poverty and rural life. New schools, libraries, theatres and leisure

President Spencer addresses crowds outside
the White House.

facilities are opening across Virginia with the help of federal and state development funding, particularly in the less developed states south of parallel 36°30′ north where much more development is still to be desired.

Virginian society has progressed in leaps and bounds in recent years, particularly in major cities such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Baltimore, where social, cultural and artistic dynamism has taken hold, launching women into the forefront of media and society for the first time. So-called 'flappers' fill the jazz and dance clubs of major cities, living freely like never before and abandoning society's preconceptions of women as modest and submissive creatures. Whilst the dramatic changes to Virginian society in recent years appear to only be accelerating, traditionalists in the nation have expressed an outcry of distain towards the alleged 'liberalisation of society' causing a rift between the older and younger generations of society and between rural and urban life.

As Virginia continues to cement its place as a major power in the New World, the nation has invested in improving trade and connectivity within North America as well as internationally in order to supply the nations rapidly growing economy and consumer society, as well as exporting the fruits of the nations labour to markets in need of Virginian goods. Under the command of President Spencer, a descendant of one of the Founding Families of Virginia, the Virginian navy and airforce have been instructed to expand and innovate in order to ensure that Virginia maintains naval preeminence in the western North Atlantic.

Nathaniel Carpenter, The Mayflower Post

[The East African Commonwealth]

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Afrika Daily - January 1st, 1920

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

While Europe has been devastated by war and many are laying their dead across the world, the East African Commonwealth stands unscathed as one of the few nations which refrained from entering the conflict on either side. The EAC had taken a hard-line stance of neutrality during the conflict to the point of keeping its trade fleet in the Indian Ocean and barring the deployment of any volunteers to Europe or the African colonies. This ironically led to the EAC entering the 1920's in a better state then most nations across the world with a stable and intact economy. However, the war has caused some social issues within the Commonwealth. Refugees from the colonial powers fleeing the conflict or has caused a massive population boom causing a dramatic drop in living standards and increased stress on social services. In addition, industrialization of the nation has been moving incredibly slow due to the tribes within the EAC forbidding the development of what they deem to be sacred lands. Other then Afrika City and the Muslim dominated coastline, much of the nation still remains primarily rural which has hampered the economy. Additionally, the arrival of refugees has fuels old rivalries between the religious factions within the nation leading to unrest on the border states. All of this comes at the end of Rais Kutan's first term during an election year for the EAC. While the Rais has popular support, two new rival parties have risen to challenge the peacetime leader. This election year and the very foundation of the EAC may have avoided the Great War, but they will be shaped by the shock waves sent across the world by it.

End of the Great War and the League of Nations

With the end of the Great War, the world takes it's first steps back toward peace and with it the challenges that come with rebuilding the world. While the EAC did not participate in the war, the nation's leadership has been asked to send a delegation to the Paris Peace Conference as an observer nation. The Rais and his administration has agreed to send a delegation to the conference after a few hours of deliberation as there is disagreement within the government as how to handle the situation. While some view this as a possible start of foreign entanglements, others see this as the first step to the EAC being viewed as an equal on the world stage. Rais Kutan and the government have not come to an agreement on if the EAC will be joining a proposed international body to help with peacekeeping efforts which has also been proposed by Europe governments. Ambassador Ade Z'dme, the EAC's ambassador to the United Kingdom, has been chosen to lead the delegation and is expected to arrive in Paris soon.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

| Subsidization Expected for Air Transport | Immigration Crisis Spreads to Ethiopia | New Railroad Between South Sudan and Malawi Completed |
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

[British Home Nations]

The Times
1 January 1920

NEW LEAGUE HOPES TO KEEP PEACE, BRITAIN REJOICES

Jubilation across the City and in front of Westminster, the Mother Parliament of the Empire, as thousands cheer the new development of the agreement that came out of the Hall of Mirrors in the former palace of the Sun King, Louis XIV. The League of Nations, based in Paris, is hoping to bring the nations of the world together to push for peace in this century dominated by the demands of speed and mechanisation. Over by St. James' Palace, His Majesty, the Prime Minister Mr. George, and the French Ambassador the Comte de Saint-Aulaire all congratulated the delegation to Versailles as well as the recently appointed permanent delegation to the new League. Peace and hope are on the horizon for Europe, the Empire, and the whole world.

And with the creation of a new Entente military force for deployments in other climes, there is hope for greater cooperation among the victors of war to foster a lasting peace. The Government will promote a scheme of English instruction as well as have Royal Marines start initial participation with French marine forces in preliminary discussions on a training programme.

A DIFFERENT EMPIRE, AN EMERGING COMMONWEALTH, FOR THE NEW WORLD

The Prime Minister and the Foreign Secretary Lord Balfour are proposing several measures to promote unity of the Empire as well as reform imperial relations to foster greater unity, cooperation, and recognition of a growing community of nations within the Empire, as the Dominions are now increasingly considered as members of a Commonwealth of Nations. The British Commonwealth emerged in the language of the Versailles Treaty as Canada and South Africa pushed for their own national delegations at the Paris conference. More collaboration will be promoted among the Dominions. The Committee of Imperial Defence shall remain to coordinate decisions and communicate issues among the Dominions with the Mother Country in regards to defence and foreign affairs. High Commissions shall be established with the Dominions to foster bilateral intergovernmental dialogue, with the proposal of making High Commissioners to London form a standing Imperial Council to foster continuous intergovernmental discussion for later Imperial Conferences. This Imperial Council will be a consultative body though would meet in a plenary session regularly per year to help set agendas for heads of government to discuss later.

The Prince of Wales will travel to Canada to promote imperial unity with a tour of the Empire's largest New World possession and oldest Dominion. His Royal Highness is expected to see Montreal and Toronto.

There will also be a proposal of External Association of nations that were once part of the Empire to join the British Commonwealth of Nations as associate members. Details are still under discussion at Whitehall, but this would not entail reannexation or restoration of the monarchy for those nations that accept Association status. This would be recognition of a partnership but there is an insistence of having His Majesty have the title of 'Head of the Association' between the nation and the British Commonwealth.

The government will begin to discuss with imperial and Indian authorities on how to reform provincial, stately, and the central government in India, with the hopes this will move to more home rule and more participation by Indians at the central level. Much debate to take place in the coming years.

NEAR EAST TENSIONS

The Government is looking concerned at the growingly unstable situation in the cradle of civilization with more pushes of autonomy in Iraq as well as the establishment of new countries such as Syria-Palestine and the growing Arab national movement. While the Kingdom of Syria-Palestine is looking to be a new ally in the region, Turkey is chafing against Entente occupation forces. Perhaps the Great War is not yet over for some. The Government wonders if the new League will look at the Anatolian situation first after it convenes for its first session.

[The Federal Pacific States of America]

Shattered Union
There are still those who remember the old Union, the time when most of the continent was unified under a single banner. Those who lived through it's collapse often feel nostalgic for the old-days, when the Empire of Liberty stretched from East to West. It's been 60 years since it's collapse, and outside of these few surviving "Americans", it's memory has been relegated to history books and academia. Most today could hardly imagine the idea that Pacificans, Texans, Louisianans , and more could ever live under the same roof. "No wonder it collapsed" is what most tend to say. 60 years can do a number of things to a people, and the memories of brotherhood and unity were superseded by decades of endless conflict and rivalry between these supposed brothers. Today, there is no sense of brotherhood or kinship. "Pacificans are greedy and arrogant", "Texans are devious and oppressive", "Louisianans are aggressive and stupid", are among the common stereotypes that can be heard in day to day life. While some may acknowledge the cultural similarities and shared history than anthropologists all so love to point out, the day to day man hardly sees themselves as part of the same culture as the man in Texas, or the Midwest. To the man in the PSA, the man in the Midwest is just as alien as the man in Canada or Europe; much like the tree of life, these former states were seeded by a common ancestor, but have since sprawled off into their own nations, becoming more and more alien to each other.

Texas, a rising economic power. Once desolate and underpopulated, the discovery of oil and other natural resources caused it to grow into an intermediate power within a few decades. Once an insignificant power that had been battered by Louisiana is now a contender to the dominance of the PSA in the west. Texans love to brag about their nation and in recent times they have every right to do so. However, with a society that is deeply segregated along racial lines, a large chunk of it's population has yet to reap the fruit of it's economic growth, and racial tensions run high.

Louisiana, a fallen giant. Once a hegemon on the continent, the Louisianan Federation contended with Texas in controlling the western territories in a decades long rivalry. Neither power won in the end, their never-ending conflict spread to close to the Pacific States, and so the PSA intervened, kicking both out. Since then, Louisiana has been in free fall from greatness. While it remained a nexus, the so-called "Parthia" of North America in how all trade West from East must travel through it, it's power began to decline through repeated conflicts between Texas and eventually New Africa. The construction of the panama canal was the crippling blow though, and it quickly fell from the Parthia of North America to merely a "vestigial mutant leg". Anger and contempt grows for it's government, it will either collapse into several new states or be consumed by revolutionary fervor.

Lakota, by no means what Tecumseh had wished for but it's the closest thing the natives will get. Established out of the remains of the western territories, Lakota is the PSA's cynical attempt of giving back to the natives, or in other words, solving a longstanding nuisance for colonial nations. The PSA established Lakota as a free-territory for all native americans, and since it's establishment since 1880 had become the go-to dumping ground of native-americans by the PSA and others. Unlike the Indian territory of old, settlement is banned and the PSA guarantees Lakota's status as an indigenous nation, while also maintaining a military presence there to "ensure it's independence". Lakota is the only native nation on the continent, but is divided across ethnic lines; the tribes that were there in the beginning contend with those who were forcefully relocated, and it's politics reflect that. Combined with ethnic disputes, Lakota is further divided by modernists and traditionalists, those who live in urban industrialized cities & adopted western norms and those who refuse westernization and continue to live in traditional style.

New Africa, the legacy of a peculiar institution. Born from the fury of the largest slave-revolt in recent history, New Africa was once an isolated and unrecognized nation. It's creation was marked with bloodshed and sectarian violence, ethnic cleansings were common for both sides. In the end, the slaves won and established New Africa as a place were all are equal and were all are truly free, at least nominally. Since it's violent beginning, it has tried to adopt a more peaceful policy with it's neighbors, and has attempted to crackdown on sectarian feuds. While a deeply nationalist nation that will fiercely defend itself, it's been mostly cooperative with it's neighbors and is recognized by most nations on the continent. Although, the memories of her violent upbringing have by no means faded completely, and so New Africa is still held with some degree of contempt and suspicion, a sentiment that has been further exemplified by it's recognition of the Bolshevik government in Russia.

The Midwestern Free States, the newborn. It was established only in 1918, for the past 60 years it was a mess of warring states. While the Eastern states unified under Virginia's federation, the Midwest was stuck in a stalemate between Ohio and Wisconsin. The Great War had spread into the Midwest, German-dominated states fought against Anglo-dominated states, and in the end both were utterly devastated. The devastation brought by this last war came the realization among the Midwestern states that this constant stream of conflict could not continue. In a move that caught everyone off-guard, the Midwest formed a federation in hopes to move-past the blood-feuds that had been running for decades. An idealistic and noble goal indeed, although, idealism does not always translate into reality and whether this federation will stand the test of time is unknown. It could collapse as easily as it formed.

Kentucky, the Switzerland of North America. After being defeated by New Africa during a territorial dispute over Tennessee, it has sworn absolute neutrality in everything, neutrality that it will defend vigorously and militantly. It's not uncommon for denizens of the continent to forget Kentucky even exists.

The Pacific States, the gospel of wealth. Formed from only two-states has since grown into a federation of nearly 21 states. It is the antithesis to the East, having remained unified and in relative peace for the past 60 years has seen it grow into the largest economy in the former-United States, and in the continent as a whole. Having been the birthplace of the film-industry, it is the cultural capital of the former-United States, and makes up for it's lack in hard-power by controlling an immense amount of soft-power through it's control over film and media. It is by no means a great power globally, but it's wealth and economic stability makes it lucrative for investments and banking, and allows it to afford the development and maintenance of a quality military, although one that is moderately sized. A powerbroker and regional power, the PSA keeps the torch of liberty it inherited 60 years ago alive and burning.

[Old Metropolitan France]

DATE: JANUARY 10, 1920

Treaty of Versailles becomes effective!

The Treaty of Versailles has entered into force, imposing major restrictions upon the German military and economy. The Gazette takes a closer look at the background to the Treaty, and provides analysis on the terms as they take effect.

The Treaty was signed in 1919 by the primary Wartime Allied Powers – the French Republic, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Polish Republic – with support from their dominions, the Associated Allied Powers and co-belligerents, including the Kingdom of Spain, Japanese Empire, the Dominion of South Africa and Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The legal authority and authenticity of the Treaty of Versailles was further affirmed by the presence of signatures from the Portuguese Republic, Republic of Antipodea and the East African Commonwealth, who had remained neutral during the Great War. The German delegation assented to the terms presented at the Paris Peace Conference, and from today will be required to fulfil their obligations accordingly.

Among the most important clauses is the demilitarization of the Rhineland, subject to verification by the League of Nations. The DMZ, which covers all territory west of the Rhine and 50 kilometers eastward, will be a vital measure enabling a rapid response by the Entente Powers should the Reichswehr or paramilitary Freikorps violate the Treaty of Versailles. In addition, the Territory of the Saar Basin is directly occupied and administered by Franco-British forces for a period of ten years, whilst Alsace-Lorraine has been permanently restored to the French Republic.

Other restrictions imposed upon German territory include the establishment of a commission for international administration of the Kiel Canal, including a permanent garrison of British, German and Polish troops. This is further accompanied by the disarmament of German forces along the Baltic Sea coastline, subject to verification by the League of Nations. These measures, requested by the Polish Republic, will ensure that the German territorial ambitions outlined in the aborted Treaty of Brest-Litovsk will not come to pass in Eastern Europe. Finally, Germany’s colonies have been either ceded to members of the Allied Powers, other combatant states which occupied territory during the Great War, or assigned League of Nations mandate status.

The Reichswehr, whilst not constrained by original proposals for a manpower cap, has been given clear limits on the size of mechanized and aerial capabilities. The German military may not exceed 30% or 40% of French inventory in each capacity respectively, been forbidden the development of strategic bombers, and the Reichsmarine has been rendered little more than a coastguard. German submarine and surface ship designs have also been copied to Paris and London for potential further development, and the country’s chemical weapon stockpiles and production facilities are set to be destroyed with verification by the League of Nations. From January 12, naval personnel and salvage experts from Britain, France and Poland will begin the process of towing the remnants of the Imperial German Navy to Allied ports, and confiscate the remaining warships of the Reichsmarine.

Economic penalties imposed upon Germany are also heavy, however it is rumored that British and French negotiators at the Paris Peace Conference watered-down more severe proposals from Poland. Following advice made by British economist John Maynard Keynes, suggestions of reparation payments from Germany to London and Paris were dropped, and a cap of $2 billion was placed upon total reparations made payable to Poland. There have, however, been other major concessions to Britain and France under the terms of the Treaty. Through their occupation of the Saar, the two countries govern significant coal reserves and productive facilities, and Germany has been instructed to remove all tariffs on Anglo-French goods and services.

The final clause of the Treaty of Versailles, the establishment of a League of Nations, will become reality next week with the League’s first meeting in Paris. The full Treaty of Versailles text has been published and displayed at the headquarters of the League. We at the Gazette will report on developments as world leaders and foreign representatives discuss the future of international affairs.

In an unexpected move, which was perhaps a gesture of amity rather than enmity on the day that the vanquished Germany began to serve its punishment, the French government approved the distribution of surplus military rations to citizens living in the Saarland free of charge, and arranged the sale of other foodstuffs at a subsidized bulk-purchase price for any willing German importers across the Rhine up to a total cap of 760 tons per day. In doing so, it it estimated that approximately one million German citizens may be able to receive food imports from France, providing some relief for a nation still emerging from the damage inflicted by the Naval Blockade and severe economic disruptions.

Anglo-French Rapid Response Force

The Entente Cordiale of Great Britain and France has evolved to reflect the post-war state of international affairs, with a new Anglo-French Rapid Response Force being established with a focus on the Baltic region.

Separate to the recently-announced Quadruple Entente Expeditionary Force, a new Anglo-French Rapid Response Force has been created which is intended to reflect an uncodified commitment of both countries to the security of their third Wartime Allied Power – the Polish Republic. Whilst not bound by treaty or agreement towards the defense of Poland in any future conflict, the presence of British forces alongside Poles at the Kiel Canal, and continuation of the French-held Supreme Allied Commander position in a planning role has highlighted the need for some form of military strategy on this front. Specific force structure and logistical details have yet to be confirmed, however it is understood that both countries will contribute 8,000 troops to the response force and form a combined North Sea – Baltic Squadron in preparation for such a contingency.

Developments to watch:

Code: Select all

French garrison at Zonguldak reports encounter with Turkish Nationalists, Quadruple Entente signs MOU with Japan, French troops in Saarland establish civil-military coordination office

[Anxiety Cafe]

---

 FOUNDED 1857

CAPE TOWN, FRIDAY, JANUARY 16, 1920

PRICE 3c 

---

 

THE CAPE LIBERAL TRADITION RETURNS


New proposals redefine the Franchise
By Max Brenner

Prominent Cape Liberals at the National Convention

The Cape Province is notorious for its so-called "Liberal Tradition," which describes the values that have been enshrined in the province's Constitution ever since it achieved representative government in 1853. These values, including non-racialism, have been strongly held by the Cape's English-speaking political elite for at least half a century. Nowhere are these values more prevalent than in the Cape Qualified Franchise,

When first established, the Cape's franchise system was truly non-racial; all men over the age of 21, regardless of skin color, were qualified to vote and stand in Parliament, as long as he had a minimum property ownership of £25. It was influential in the British-dominated Natal and Rhodesia colonies, which originally adopted similar franchise systems. Successive restrictions, passed under pressure from Afrikaner groups and conservative Englishmen from the Eastern Cape, aimed to subvert this constitutionally-upheld non-racialism, similar to what occurred in the Rhodesia Colony and the neighboring Natal Colony, whose franchise systems even now are only nominally non-racial.

Despite this, the Cape's political elite has long held true, in some form, to these ideals, echoing the thoughts of the Cape's first leaders, such as John Molteno and Saul Solomon. Solomon especially was one of the strongest proponents of multiracial suffrage, while Molteno is notable for unsuccessfully attempting to expand the Cape Qualified Franchise to the rest of the Dominion during the National Convention that founded it. William Porter, the primary writer of the Cape's Constitution, is, in response to opponents, famously quoted:

Why should you fear the exercise of franchise? This is a delicate question but it must be touched upon. I do not hesitate to say that I would rather meet the Hottentot at the hustings, voting for his representative, than in the wilds with his gun upon his shoulder. Is it not better to disarm them by granting them the privileges of the constitution? If you now blast all their hopes and tell them they shall not fight their battles constitutionally, do not you yourselves apply to them the stimulus to fight their battles unconstitutionally?

John Merriman, another follower of the Cape's Liberal Tradition, also argued for the expansion of its franchise for the rest of the SAC. Having been the Prime Minister of the Cape during the National Convention, he issued a scathing criticism of the other provinces' franchises:

I now come to the second method which is that adopted by the two Republics and Natal, viz. the total disfranchisement of the Native. What promise of permanence does this plan give? What hope for the future does it hold out? These people are numerous and increasing both in wealth and numbers. Education they will get, if not through us then by some much more objectionable means. They are the workers and history tells us that the future is to the workers ...

Although their hopes of expanding the franchise were dashed, they managed to secure the right to establish franchises for the provinces. However, the Cape is now facing an unprecedented erosion of its nationwide influence. Increasing exploitation of the mines of the Witwatersrand in Transvaal and Transoranje have led to economic and population booms in these provinces, while railway connections to the ports of Durban in Natal and Lourenço Marques in Portuguese Mozambique have diminished the importance of the Cape's ports. These all indicate a shift of the center of power, away from the Anglos in the Cape and towards the Boers of the interior. The addition of the sixth province only accelerates this trend; this is the major impetus behind the dispute over Walvis Bay.

All of this, together with the Afrikaner emigration and native immigration that the Cape has experienced since the establishment of the SAC, have led to an increasing desire for a return to tradition; the Cape's Liberal Tradition, that is. The South African Party, which is expected to dominate the Cape's Parliament following the upcoming elections in March, has vowed to reverse previous restrictions on the franchise: the property requirement is to be lowered from its current £75 back down to £25, and communal or tribal lands will once again be recognized for this property requirement. While the literacy requirement will likely remain, this expansion of the electorate has significant implications.

Transvaal province, due to its significant population growth, will already have an expanded delegation in the national House of Assembly following the elections; combined with South West Africa's new delegation in both chambers of Parliament, the National Party is expected to become the majority party in the Senate and just behind the SAP in the House of Assembly. Although this situation would still grant Prime Minister Jan Smuts a second term, his government would likely be paralyzed. A victory in the Cape, however, alongside the subsequent franchise changes, would secure the House of Assembly, and the Prime Minister, in the SAP's favor in the following election.
 

[Puertollano]

ANTIPODEA URGES DOMINIONS TO SEVER TIES WITH THE EMPIRE

In a communique to the South African Confederation and India, the Republic of Antipodea urged the nations to sever all Colonial relations with the British Empire as a matter of "national survival". Delivered by the Consulate-General of the Republic of Antipodea in each respective country, the communique was in response to the emerging 'Commonwealth of Nations' that the Empire was proposing as a middle-ground between self-determination and colonial subordination. Instead, the Republic of Antipodea has argued that the age of Empires has past, relying on recent history in World War One as enough justification to leave the old system of international colonialism. President William Molloy has stood strong behind the decision to push an agenda of anti-colonialism, to the Democritus Gazette he has said that he intends to take this issue to the League of Nations once convened. In the case of the South African Confederation, the declaration from the Republic was aimed purposefully to agitate the ranks of the Afrikaners, whose issues with the British Empire are bountiful. Despite whatever sentiment remains unsettled since the Boer Wars, the Republic of Antipodea shines as an example of an ex-British penal colony who was able to overthrow the shackles of British stewardship. Republican scholars have even suggested that the Republic serves as a beacon to dissatisfied Republicans, whether they preside in South Africa, India or Canada.

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS: ANTIPODEA WILL RAISE THE GERMAN GUINEA ISSUE

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Antipodea have announced that the country will raise the issue of German New Guinea in the first session of the League of Nations. The status of German New Guinea has been unknown since the end of World War One. Despite the fact that the German Empire lost the war, German New Guinea did not see combat, as the Republic of Antipodea refused to embroil itself in the war. The Foreign Ministry intends to push the case that German Guinea must fall under the mandate of the League of Nations, not remain a colony of the German Empire, or whatever remains of it. According to the soon-to-be Ambassador to the League of Nations, Stephen Wills, gave notice that the removal of Germany from Guinea would be a "non-negotiable item for the Republic of Antipodea." It still remains to be seen how much influence Antipodea truly wields in the international system.

[Arela]

German-Andean Cooperation

German-Andean Trade Treaty

Article 1. Germany is to remove tariffs on Andean agricultural, mining, and petroleum products.

Article 2. Andea is to remove tariffs on German finished products and capital goods.

Article 3. German-Andean trade may be conducted in kind or with hard currency.

Article 4. Germany and Andea shall remove all import quotas placed on each other.

Article 5. Treaty to be renewed every five years, lest notice is given at the fourth year.

The Herrera administration has promoted the idea that Andea should play a greater world on the international stage. As such, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has announced Andea's first trade treaty. The German-Andean Trade Treaty will promote increased cooperation between Germany and Andea, and is expected to mutually benefit both countries.

Furthermore, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs also announced that a business agreement has been reached with various well-known and reputable German companies. The German companies will be contracted to build railways and steel plants. Once completed, they will be placed under the trusteeship of Andes Steel and Andes Rail, two newly created state-owned enterprises.

Herrera has also noted that he's interested in negotiating a Pan-American trade agreement. "American countries need to cooperate in the pursuit of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," Herrera said, quoting the iconic phrase from the United States Declaration of Independence. Despite the push towards new trade agreements, Herrera has also pointed to the need for increased economic self-sufficiency, a move critiqued by numerous economists.

As such, President Herrera ordered the nationalization of Andea's natural recourses and railways. Herrera stated that compensation would occur through "reform bonds." The principal of the bonds will be 125% of the asset's book value and would be paid off over thirty years, with a 4% annual interest rate. According to Herrera, these new nationalized assets would provide a valuable new source of income to the Andean state. However, with many of them owned by foreign companies, some wonder whether the Andean government will have the technical expertise to continue running these new assets.

---

Other News: Military attaches sent to Turkey to observe the course of the Turkish War of Independence.

[Orostan]

ECONOMIC POLICIES ALTERED IN RUSSIAN SFSR, UKRAINIAN SSR

The end of large scale fighting in the civil war has created the opportunity to end or amend grain requisitioning policies that did well during the civil war, but no longer are required. The alterations to the "war communism" policy were approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and will begin in certain sections of the Russian SFSR and Ukrainian SSR where the devastation of the war took its worst toll. The Red Army has also begun to demobilize certain units from those areas as part of the general trimming of its post-war forces. The new policies will include the Prodnalog tax system to replace the requisitioning system. Peasants will be taxed less in general and know the exact amount of produce due from them every year. There is no danger of food shortage in cities or among soldiers because of these policies and they have only been implemented in limited and isolated areas so far in the southeast of Ukraine and in the Tambov Governorate in Russia. Continued or expanded implantation of these policies is not expected until the 9th Congress of the Bolsheviks this March decides questions related to economic policy.

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS ESTABLISHED WITH NEW AFRICA, MISSION SENT TO ANTIPODEA

The Soviet government, which has only just been formally approved by itself earlier this month, has dispatched its first international diplomatic missions to New Africa and Antipodea. New Africa quickly recognized the Soviet state and is considered a good trade partner in North America while Antipodea is recognized as a potential ally against Japan. The Soviet government has also been in contact with other hostile states negotiating for recognition of itself there and normal diplomatic relations. It is not expected that a deal can be reached soon with some of the more aggressively anti-communist states such as Poland or the Pacific States of America, though political realities may soon force them to recognize the USSR. The other important issue of foreign policy is the League of Nations which the Soviet Union's official position on is that it will join if invited. However, the problem of a potential Soviet seat in the league being given White Russian remnants in Alaska and Siberia is well understood but not taken seriously on account of Alaska being almost completely barren and unpopulated and the White Russian hold out in Siberia being completely reliant on the Japanese for its survival. The White Russian movement itself is also divided and unlikely to even produce any coherent leadership for the next few years, much less real territory that could make a functioning state.

[Georgian Kingdom]

NATION MOBILIZING

The Caucasian State was facing several challenges. After the defeat of the Imperial Russian rule, the Transcaucasian states had to quickly assemble a defence force in the light of the current situation. United by gried and times of hardship, the people of the great Caucasus decided to unite and create a Transcaucasian state with Avtandil Jemalishvili as a head of state in the city of Tiflis. It was easier to unite the people behind a common cause due to the government's extensive propaganda against communism and separatism which would eventually lead to breakdown of the society according to the government. Thus, many people were standing in lines to join the Army after consistently being fed Russophobic propaganda by the government. On the streets across the Caucasus, people were thirsty for Russian blood calling them invaders and shouting anti-Soviet slogans. Avtandil Jemalishvili signed the order to create the Military Council of Nations to oversee the defence of the vulnerable country.

Because the main priority was defending the country against the northern neighbor, the Armenian irregular units were sent to the provinces of Ardahan and Kars along with some of the regular Army units. But the main force was concentrated in the north of Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as the western coast of Georgia to protec cities like Sukhumi, Zugdidi, and Batumi. The Caucasus Army was small in comparrison with the massive Red Army but Transcaucasia had an advantage of mountains which separated Georgia and Azerbaijan from the main Soviet forces. The Minister of War Grigol Griorgadze dispatched units to the Roki Tunnel and Georgian Military Road to prevent the Soviet forces from entering Georgia as well as quelling the rebellions in that area. Thus, the Caucasus units will have a geographical advantage against the Soviets looking over the incoming Russian troops from the mountains. A big chunck of the Caucasus Federative Army is also concetrated in northern Azerbaijan to defend Baku and Ganja.

On the Georgian coast, the Military Council is building fortifications to defend against potential invasion from the Sea

Letter to the Grand Assembly of Ankara
From: Avtandil Jemalishvili, the Head of the Caucasus Federative State
Encyrption: High

To whom it may concern,

Wishing to consolidate the bonds of friendship and to start a new era in the Caucasus-Turkish relations, we come to you with a plea of assistance. As you have witnessed, the Soviet Imperialism does not know limits. Their actions pose a great threat not just for the Caucasus Federative State but also for the whole Middle East. They may have made certain arrangements prior to their blatant invasion of our beloved land, however, their unstable leadership cannot be trusted and if we do not unite our forces, sooner or later they will invade Anatolia. We are a peace-loving nation striving for peace and prosperity. I am sure your noble government can sympathize with our cause. That is why we would like to reqeust for a non-aggression agreement with you and in exchange We are willing to offer the following:

-Provinces of Kars, Ardahan, and Adjara will be seceded from the authority of Tiflis and be give to the Sultanate
-Caucasus Federative State will become a satellite state of the Turkish State which will provide military and economic support if needed.
-Caucasus Federative State will agree to pay a tributary payment to the Turkish State in exchange of the peace agreement.

[Lendenburgh]

January 15, 1920

Germany in the vice grip of Versailles
The allied powers, giving not even two years for the nation to recover from the abject destruction and suffering brought by the war, have begun to enforce their world order masterminded at Versailles. From Wilhelmshaven and Kiel, the proud warships of the German navy were towed away- once monuments to the glory of our nation, now they are little more than kindling for the flames of ire the Franco-British alliance holds for Germans. At least the scuttling at Scapa Flow has prevented the British and French from pawning off most of the fleet as little more than keepsakes for their dominions or third rate nations which pander and bow at their feet for influence. In the words of Admiral Scheer,

The stain of surrender has been wiped from the escutcheon of the German Fleet. The sinking of these ships has proved that the spirit of the fleet is not dead. This last act is true to the best traditions of the German Navy.

League of Nations observers have also begun entering the country- to seize control of the Kiel canal and enforce its usage in Polish and French interests, to confiscate the guns we so bravely fought with, and to ensure Germany is kept under the boot of the allies through the reduction of armed forces. As part of these stipulations, the returning veterans of the war, many of whom are now part of Freikorps paramilitary elements, must be disarmed and returned to civilian life, a process which President Ebert says will not be easy. While the Social Democrats seem relatively confident about maintaining stability during this time, leader of the KPD, Karl Liebknecht, has stated that attempts to disarm the groups who have been engaged in near constant civil conflict since the end of the Great War will undoubtedly lead to the fall of the current liberal government. Most notably, a member of the Zentrum and Mayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer wrote an open letter to President Ebert stating:

The seemingly unquenchable thirst of Prussians for unabashed militarism, and their support for seditious elements of the Army, may soon become the downfall of our nascent republic. If we hope to appease the French and British to any degree which may provide for a satisfactory recovery in the global position of Germany, then we must at least take seriously the terms of their treaty. It is no secret that many of the Freikorps hold to the Prussian ideals, and will not take kindly to meaningless memorandums from Berlin telling them to stand down. As much as it pains me to agree with the radical Bolshevik elements in our nation, Karl Liebknecht made nothing short of an adequate assessment that the government in Weimar is taking the demobilization of these paramilitaries too lightly. For those Germans who see a future in peace and liberalism, which is every sensible German in the aftermath of the destruction we have been unfortunate enough to witness, the only path forward is one of absolute dedication to the terms of the treaty- especially in taking the neutering of the Freikorps as the highest priority of the nation.

However, the conservative elements of the government, such as the German National People's Party, have pointed to the Freikorps role in defending German nationals- especially in the East against Poland- as a reason to "moderate" the demobilization process. One member of the Reichstag belonging to the DNVP even pointed out the concern of genocide against Germans in Elsaß-Lothringen, the Rhineland, territories captured by Poland, and even in Silesia where Polish elements stand poised and ready to attack.

Former General Ludendorff even went so far as to remark

This disarmament of the Freikorps is nothing more than another Anglo-French endorsement of the Slavic humiliation of our Fatherland. If we are to demobilize those who continue to fight bravely- unlike the citizens who gutted the Army near our moment of absolute victory with their 'revolution'- Germany will cease to exist as we know it. Becoming overrun by degenerates from all directions... the world's spittoon.

The Reichstag is also currently debating how to meet the reparations demanded by Poland at Versailles, while still seeking to improve the famine and stabilize the country politically. The Minister of Agriculture has found meat consumption to still be at half the levels they were before the Schweinemord, but stated that reorganizations of agricultural labor have increased the amount of livestock feed being produced by 13% since the end of the war. Additionally, as factories have shifted from their wartime production, new farming equipment is being produced- hopefully bringing higher yields to feed the people in coming months.

International trade ties restored
The blockade of Germany by the British fleet, lasting beyond the Armistice and well into 1919 and causing the deaths of up to a million, truly left the nation isolated from the rest of the world. Though some links have been forced on the country- the removal of tariffs for all British and French exports was approved in the Reichstag by a begrudgingly unanimous vote two days ago- others provide promise of new economic growth. The signing of the Andean-German trade treaty has not only provided valuable work for German steel and rail firms, but also promises to be a new pipeline of raw material for the Reich as Andea becomes a new market for German goods. In the devastation the nation currently faces, where few have the pennies to spare for finished products which are not absolutely essential, this will provide an invaluable source of income to the average man. It has also been announced that German envoys have been dispatched to the East African Commonwealth where a similar deal will be made- raw material supply in exchange for a market for finished goods.

In a statement- widely published in German language newspapers- regarding the economic future of the nation in the wake of Versailles, President Ebert expressed cautious optimism, while encouraging workers in the occupied parts of Germany to stay true:

With the first diplomatic compacts concluded after the Great War, Germany has shown its resilience, and set itself on a path towards recovery. Our friends in South America and Africa will undoubtedly share in the momentous prosperity which our nation will enjoy in coming decades. These treaties will provide work, income, and food to hardworking German families. While the government seeks to improve production across the nation, I must remind our countrymen under the yoke of Britain, France, and Poland to stay true to their nation. Especially in the Ruhr, I implore of the common man to not capitulate to unreasonable or treasonous demands of occupying forces. Do what you must to survive, and no more.

In attempt to resist the Allies' ultimatums on trade while still adhering to the guidelines of the treaty, the Reichstag approved an additional measure along with the tariff reductions. The bill, in the words of the president, "prevents any materiel having come in contact with the hands of Poles, or the soil which they have stolen, from ever entering Germany." While it stops short of an outright embargo on Polish goods, it mandates that German customs agents hold all goods arriving from Poland for at least two years, and places tariffs in excess of 200%.