Passed General Assembly Resolutions

[Imperium Anglorum]

Supporting and Valuing the Humanities [Struck out by GA 524]
A resolution to promote funding and the development of education and the arts.

Category: Education and Creativity
Area of Effect: Educational
Proposed by: Castle Federation

Description: The World Assembly,

UNDERSTANDING the importance of education in all forms and particularly the humanities, and

APPLAUDING all people who work and give their lives to the pursuit of knowledge and education in this unique area of study, and

NOTING the historical heritage, importance, and influence of every field in the humanities on the development, understanding, and revolutionizing of ideas over time, and

RECOGNIZING the importance of the humanities in the development of critical thinking skills, argumentation skills, and perspective taking, hereby enacts the following:

1. The following subjects are defined as areas of the humanities: History, Visual and Performing Arts, Philosophy, Religious Studies, Language Studies, Linguistics, Archaeology, Cultural Studies, Anthropology, Political Studies, Literature, and any other sociocultural area of study that works towards a better understanding of the cultural condition, and
   
2. All educational institutions within member nations must offer at least one area of the humanities as a subject of study per year if a primary or secondary curriculum of education is offered.
   
3. The World Humanities Fund (WHF) is established under the management of the WA General Accounting Office. The WHF is an opt in service to which both national governments and non profit organizations which operate within member nations may submit applications. The WHF shall exist to provide funding to constituent nations and non profit organizations within them to accomplish either in part or in full the following objectives:
   
   
   1. aid local communities in funding humanities courses for free or at a low fee to allow for greater accessibility outside of formal academic institutions,
      
   2. develop programs and initiatives that aid workers in finding secure jobs focused on the humanities,
      
   3. fund government initiatives that seek to further the research and development in various areas of the humanities nationally,
      
   4. support university degree programs that fall within the definition of the humanities,
      
   5. strengthen the academic enrichment of courses and create electives at the secondary level of education on subjects within the humanities,
      
   6. increase the offerings of exposure to the foundations of areas in the humanities at the primary level of education, and
      
   7. hold nationwide symposiums to put on exposition works and advancements in the various areas of the humanities.
4. Within the WA General Accounting Office, the Department of External Auditors (DEA) is established with the following tasks:
   
   
   1. ensuring that money accepted by nations or organizations from the WHF is used for the above established purpose and
      
   2. informing the GAO of incorrect use of funding.
5. If incorrect use of funds is reported, the GAO will cease the allowance of funds to the transgressing nation or organization. The decisions to cease funding by the GAO can be appealed by the nation or organization to the Independent Adjudicative Office.

Votes For: 15 221 (82.6%)
Votes Against: 3 197 (17.4%)

Implemented Tue Jun 23 2020

[GA 495 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Fair Arbitration Act
A resolution to enact uniform standards that protect workers, consumers, and the general public.

Category: Regulation
Area of Effect: Legal Reform
Proposed by: Cretox State

Description: The World Assembly,

Acknowledging that disputes between firms and individuals often arise over matters of civil rights, employment, and consumer goods;

Noting that joint, class, and collective lawsuits are a crucial avenue through which individuals and small businesses may settle such disputes with larger firms and seek compensation for incidents of wrongdoing;

Understanding that arbitration, when a voluntary decision by two parties in an equal bargaining position, is a valid and often desirable avenue of settling disputes such as those related to international commerce;

Distraught, however, at the widespread use by firms of forced arbitration agreements and agreements that waive the right to sue, which are often a condition of employment or using a product or service, are often poorly-understood by the individual, and often take place in a private forum controlled by said firm;

Recognizing that protecting the ability of individuals to seek relief for violations of their rights protects the public interest and safeguards commerce;

Seeking to end the unjust use of forced arbitration agreements, which undermine the rights of workers and consumers;

Hereby,

1. Defines for the purposes of this legislation:
   1. "Arbitration" as the deciding of a legal dispute in a private forum outside of a member-nation's judiciary or international court of law, the decision made by which is legally binding and enforceable;
   2. A "forced arbitration agreement" as a legally binding and enforceable agreement mandating the use of arbitration to resolve a dispute that has not yet arisen at the time of the agreement;
   3. A "legal action waiver" as a legally binding and enforceable agreement, whether or not part of a forced arbitration agreement, which prevents at least one party to the agreement from participating in a joint, class, or collective legal action concerning a dispute that has not yet arisen at the time of the agreement, when they would otherwise be able to do so;
2. Further defines for the purposes of this legislation:
   1. An "antitrust dispute" as any dispute arising from an alleged violation of national, international, or other legislation regulating the conduct and organization of firms with the purpose of promoting or maintaining market competition;
   2. A "civil rights dispute" as any dispute arising from an alleged violation of national, international, or other legislation protecting an individual against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment, in which at least one party alleging such a violation is one or more individuals or their authorized representative;
   3. A "consumer dispute" as any dispute between one or more individuals who seek or acquire real or personal property, services, investments, money, or credit for personal, family, or household purposes; and the seller or provider of such or a third party involved in the selling or providing of such;
   4. An "employment dispute" as any dispute between an employer and one or more individuals or their authorized representative, concerning or related to the current work relationship or a prospective work relationship between them;
3. Declares:
   1. No forced arbitration agreement or legal action waiver shall be valid or enforceable with respect to an antitrust, civil rights, consumer, or employment dispute that arises after this law becomes effective;
   2. No clause of this legislation shall be applicable to any agreement between a firm and a labor organization, or between labor organizations, unless such an agreement has the effect of waiving or unduly interfering with the ability of an individual to seek judicial enforcement of their legally-given rights;
   3. No clause of this legislation shall be applicable to any international commercial agreement between two firms, or similar agreement of an international character between two firms, unless such an agreement has the effect of waiving or unduly interfering with the ability of an individual to seek judicial enforcement of their legally-given rights;
4. Encourages member-nations to protect the ability of individuals to seek judicial enforcement of their legally-given rights;
   
   
5. Clarifies that the applicability of this legislation to an arbitration agreement and the validity and enforceability of an agreement to which this legislation applies shall not be determined through arbitration, irrespective of whether said agreement purports to handle such determinations through arbitration;
   
   
6. Further clarifies that no part of this legislation shall be construed to prevent individuals and firms from voluntarily seeking arbitration of a dispute after said dispute arises.

Votes For: 13 157 (83.9%)
Votes Against: 2 532 (16.1%)

Implemented Wed Jul 1 2020

[GA 496 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Military Identification Tag Act"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #490
Proposed by: Morover

Description: General Assembly Resolution #490 "Military Identification Tag Act" (Category: International Security, Area of Effect: Mild) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The World Assembly,

Admiring the goal of GAR#490, Military Identification Tag Act, in trying to reunite lost soldiers with their families and to reduce the number of unknown soldiers,

Noting, however, that information such as that required by the resolution can be detrimental to member nations soldiers if it falls into the hands of an enemy belligerent,

Worried that some member nations which may add potentially compromising information such as religion to military identification tags in an attempt to ensure the proper burial of deceased soldiers when in conflict with good-faith and generally benevolent actors will not have the resources or general competence to redistribute the military identification tags to each soldier, should they come into conflict with more nefarious belligerents who may use this compromising information in order to employ somewhat creative forms of torture - a condition that ultimately detracts from the basic rights that the General Assembly attempts to uphold,

Dismaying that, as a result of section 7, combatants taken as prisoners of war cannot destroy their military identification tags to protect themselves from the creative forms of torture that may arise from these tags without violating international law, hindering the ability for soldiers to take their livelihood under their own discretion,

Considering the fact that section 8 lacks proper protocols for when a military identification tag is considered decommissioned, which, depending on interpretation, may disallow the repurposing of military identification tags by any entity,

Disheartened that section 8 neglects to allow the families or friends of fallen soldiers to repurpose former tags to whatever they see fit for closure - neglecting the impact that the loss of a loved one to war and the need to lessen that impact through a variety of channels, and

Believing that these issues only go to show that no one-size-fits-all legislation can cover the issue of military identification tags for all nations adequately, hereby

Repeals GAR#490, "Military Identification Tag Act."

Votes For: 13 289 (80.2%)
Votes Against: 3 283 (19.8%)

Implemented Sun Jul 5 2020

[GA 497 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Ban on Forced Blood Sports [Struck out by GA 677]
A resolution to restrict civil freedoms in the interest of moral decency.

Category: Moral Decency
Strength: Mild
Proposed by: Honeydewistania

Text: The World Assembly,

Acknowledging that sports such as bullfighting, cockfighting and dogfighting are popular amongst member nations;

Horrified that participants are often forced to compete in these sports, usually resulting in their death or serious injury;

Believing that, for the safety and protection of all sentient beings, legislation in the form of a General Assembly resolution is needed to prevent such cruel and barbaric practices;

Hereby:

1. Defines the following for the purpose of this resolution:

1. "blood sport" as an activity involving the maiming or killing of at least one of the participants for the entertainment of sapient individuals, excluding hunting or religious sacrifice,
   
   
2. "animal" as a non-sapient being with a nervous system or equivalent system by which it is naturally able to experience pain;

2. Prohibits all forms of blood sports involving sapients in which one or more of the participants do not provide consent;

3. Prohibits all forms of blood sports involving animals in which there is a significant possibility of serious injury or death;

4. Requires that formerly captive blood sport participants be treated in a humane and fair manner, according to the following rules:

1. if an animal blood sport participant does not have a significant risk of harming itself of others, it must be given its freedom,
   
   
2. if an animal blood sport participant poses a significant risk of harm to itself or others when released, the participant must be relocated to its natural habitat, unless said relocation poses a significant danger to the participant, any animals, or sapients in that habitat as a result of abnormal behaviour in comparison to that participant’s wild counterparts,
   
   
3. if an animal blood sport participant cannot be relocated to its natural habitat due to the above, the former participant must either be euthanised humanely, or contained in a secure and safe rehabilitative environment until that participant can be safely released or relocated in accordance with clause 4(b), at which point it must be released or relocated in accordance with said clause, and
   
   
4. all non-animal blood sport participants must be given their freedom, excepting lawful incarceration as a penalty for criminal conduct.

Votes for: 9 460 (53.99 pc)
Votes against: 8 062 (46.01 pc)

Implemented Thu 9 Jul 2020

[GA 498 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Access to Abortion
A resolution to modify universal standards of healthcare.

Category: Health
Area of Effect: Healthcare
Proposed by: Imperium Anglorum

Description: Whereas some rabidly anti-choice nations lack medical professionals willing to perform abortions, meaning the ability to access them is non-existent without funds needed for foreign travel, denying constructively abortion rights because of income and birth location:

And whereas discrimination in state policy or administration of tax on abortion recipients and providers is unfair and grossly unjust:

And whereas people have natural rights to property in their own person:

Be it enacted by this august World Assembly as follows:

1. Definitions. In this resolution,
   
   1. abortion means a medical procedure to terminate a pregnancy deliberately,
      
   2. discrimination in tax, in relation to medical procedures, includes placing a burden in excess of that placed on other procedures of similar risk,
      
   3. IAO means Independent Adjudicative Office,
      
   4. recipient bona fide means a natural person demonstrating a bona fide desire for a commodity or service,
      
   5. resolution means General Assembly resolution,
      
   6. member means member nation, and
      
   7. tax includes solidarity contributions and other compulsory payments made to the state.
2. Funding. Members must pay for or provide directly abortions, abortifacients, and contraceptives to any recipient bona fide within their jurisdiction upon request. Members must also provide a means to access such services and commodities speedily and free at the point of service or provision.
   
   
3. Non-discrimination. No members may:
   
   1. conduct discrimination in tax against a recipient or provider of abortion services or contraceptives in tax collection, assessment, or administration,
      
   2. discriminate against abortion clinics workers on account of occupation or place of employment,
      
   3. prosecute any person for receiving or providing section 7 compliant abortions, contraceptives, truthful medical advice, or education thereon,
      
   4. prohibit or levy discriminatory tariffs or tax against section 7 compliant contraceptives or abortifacients,
      
   5. fail to provide equal protection before the law to recipients or providers of abortion services, or
      
   6. implement policies intended to restrict access to section 7 regulated goods or services.
4. Clinics. WA Choice Plus is established and may construct, per section 5, clinics with funds assessed by the General Accounting Office from members in which there does not exist, in the view of the WACC, adequate access to abortion. Such clinics shall offer free and safe abortions to any recipient bona fide. All members must, however, contribute separately to WA Choice Plus in proportion to expenses incurred within their jurisdiction at such clinics for their upkeep and maintenance.
   
   
   1. Members must arrange fully subsidised travel for any recipient bona fide, and one person of their choice, to receive care offered by such a clinic if abortion services are not speedily accessible. No limitation, except to prohibit travel to nations in which there is an on-going armed conflict, may be enforced by a member on a person's ability to exit a member for purposes of travelling to a clinic unless permitted by resolution.
      
      
   2. Clinics shall provide free healthcare and counselling for expectant parents as well as free contraceptives and abortifacients to any address serviceable by post within a member.
5. Clinic lease terms. Any member may request the construction of section 4 clinics if they can show to the WACC that construction would expand access to abortion in an area where it is inadequate. The clinics will be built on land donated by members where the member doing so grants to the clinic a ten-year renewable lease in which no (a) direct tax or (b) indirect tax in excess of one per cent may be collected, along with the condition, reinforced by private contract, that upon disestablishment of the clinic, the assignee or seizer must remit to WA Choice Plus the fair market value of the improvements to that land.
   
   
6. Exceptions. Notwithstanding any other provision of this resolution and unless otherwise indicated by previous resolution, a member may restrict access to or section 2 funding for an abortion if that member can show that a sex-selective basis clearly impels its request.
   
   
7. Health and safety. The World Health Authority (WHA) must issue regulations to ensure abortions, abortifacients, and contraceptives available to the general public are safe and effective for end-users and those with which they may be in close contact. Such regulations overrule those made by members unless it can be shown to the IAO that those WHA regulations are insufficient in fulfilling the mandates of this section.
   
   
8. Interpretation. Members shall ascribe personhood to begin at birth. In this resolution, older resolutions overrule conflicting provisions of this resolution, singular words include the plural unless otherwise indicated, and section and list headings have no effect.

Votes For: 12 266 (71.3%)
Votes Against: 4 936 (28.7%)

Implemented Mon Jul 13 2020

[GA 499 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

International Criminal Protocol [Struck out by GA 533]
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Strong
Proposed by: Tinfect

Description: The World Assembly,

Annoyed by the insistence regarding passing yet another pointless non-compromise that will merely facilitate legal abuses,

Acknowledging prior attempts to ensure that the criminal justice systems of Member-States operate in a just and ethical manner,

Dismayed by their failure to adequately provide protections from legal abuse and to provide closure and restitution to victims,

Seeking to immediately prevent any further abuses of criminal justice systems,

Hereby;

Defines:

1. Protective confinement as the severe isolation of prisoners from contact with other inmates due to clear and present dangers to their life in the general prison population, or risks posed by the prisoner to other inmates in the general prison population,
2. Punitive confinement as the complete or severe isolation of prisoners from contact with other inmates and prison staff for any reason other than those established under protective confinement,
3. Inhumane conditions as: the refusal or withholding of necessary and healthy sustenance or of medically or mentally necessary healthcare; the maintenance of severely confined or crowded conditions, or conditions inferior to those mandated for prisoners of war,

Prohibits:

1. The holding of any prisoner in inhumane conditions,
2. The holding of any prisoner in punitive confinement,
3. The holding of any prisoner in protective confinement without the informed consent of the prisoner, barring circumstances that render the prisoner legally unable to make such a decision, or circumstances in which the prisoner would present risks to individuals in the general prison population if not held in protective confinement,
4. The use of capital punishment for any crime that did not result in unlawful death, exceptionally cruel treatment such as torture or rape, or an exceptional betrayal of national security,
5. The sentencing of any individual under the age of majority, or any individual deemed legally incompetent, to capital punishment,
6. The practice of summary or otherwise extrajudicial executions,
7. The practice of forced prisoner labor,

Mandates:

1. That Member-States provide to prisoners accessible legal recourse for the investigation of any undue violence or abuse by prison staff,
2. That Member-States provide to prisoners sentenced to capital punishment accessible legal counsel and support, including access to appeals and stays of execution,
3. The use of the highest reasonable standards of evidence when considering the use of capital punishment,
4. That all executions be held at a reasonable date past sentencing, following any processing time for applicable legal requests, inquiries, and appeals,
5. That, in the case of a pregnant individual being sentenced to capital punishment, that execution be stayed until such time as the prisoner is no longer pregnant,
6. That protective confinement be be utilized only when there exists a clear and present danger to holding the prisoner within the general prison area,
7. That prisoners subject to protective confinement be allowed regular contact with psychiatric staff, and access to standard visitation,
8. That, once a prisoner has been subjected to protective confinement, all practical measures must be taken to allow their safe return to general prison populations as soon as possible,

Reserves to Member-States the right to determine the legality of capital punishment within their jurisdiction,

Clarifies that prisoners legally incapable of consent may be held in protective confinement as a strictly temporary measure until a legal guardian can be contacted.

Votes For: 10 490 (61.1%)
Votes Against: 6 680 (38.9%)

Implemented Tue Jul 21 2020

[GA 500 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Wartime Journalism Protection Act [Struck out by GA 505]
A resolution to promote funding and the development of education and the arts.

Category: Education and Creativity
Area of Effect: Free Press
Proposed by: Foril

Description:
The World Assembly,

CONCERNED that there is currently no World Assembly legislation that protects wartime journalists,

HORRIFIED that wartime journalists may get wounded, kidnapped, or even killed on the frontline simply for doing their job, and

SEEKING to introduce better protections for wartime journalists to facilitate better transmission of information and better protection of lives,

HEREBY ENACTS the following:

1. For the purposes of this resolution:
   
   1. a "war zone" is an area in which acts of war are ongoing,
   2. "journalistic activities" are actions conducted with the express purpose of publishing information in the media, such as collecting information about the events of a war, interviewing local people and military personnel in the war zone, or taking photographs or videos of the war, and
   3. a "wartime journalist" is a civilian wearing clearly visible identification that identifies them as a member of the press, and who is undertaking journalistic activities in a war zone.
2. Wartime journalists must be allowed freedom of movement in war zones and will not be denied access to an area to report on events there, unless such restriction is absolutely necessary to prevent harm to individuals or they are trespassing on private property.
   
   
3. Wartime journalists may report on any activity that occurs within a war zone, unless reporting on such activities could lead to loss of life or property, harm to individuals or property, or the jeopardisation of military efforts.
   
   
4. The protections enumerated in Articles 2 and 3 are subject to prior and standing international law. They shall not be granted to any wartime journalist who:
   
   1. commits espionage,
   2. is carrying weapons,
   3. interrupts active combat situations,
   4. enters or passes through any location, if doing so is likely to lead to imminent loss of life or harm to individuals, or to the jeopardisation of military efforts, or
   5. otherwise violates the provisions of this resolution.

Votes For: 10 942 (64.8%)
Votes Against: 5 955 (35.2%)

Implemented Sat Jul 25 2020

[GA 501 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Freedom to Seek Medical Care II"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #456
Proposed by: Honeydewistania

Description: General Assembly Resolution #456 "Freedom to Seek Medical Care II" (Category: Civil Rights, Area of Effect: Mild) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The World Assembly,

Acknowledging General Assembly Resolution 456, “Freedom to Seek Medical Care II”, as a resolution that permits people to seek medical care in foreign nations;

Troubled by the poor wording of Clause 4, which prohibits a member nation from taking legal action against its medical tourists except for those violating World Assembly law, which could allow such tourists to evade domestic justice;

Believing that creating a class of individuals who are exempt from vast swathes of law means that people they harm are unable to secure justice;

Convinced that a resolution with such a blatant disregard for the national laws of member nations should not be enacted by this assembly;

Hereby repeals General Assembly Resolution 456, "Freedom to Seek Medical Care II".

Votes For: 14 055 (85.7%)
Votes Against: 2 353 (14.3%)

Implemented Sun Aug 2 2020

[GA 502 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Protecting Legal Rights of Workers
A resolution to enact uniform standards that protect workers, consumers, and the general public.

Category: Regulation
Area of Effect: Labour Rights
Proposed by: Cretox State

Description: The World Assembly,

Noting the importance of protecting the right of workers to be free from mistreatment and exploitation;

Recognizing the efforts of prior resolutions enacted by this most excellent body to enumerate key rights and ensure that workers' rights can be judicially enforced;

Concerned that the inherently unequal bargaining positions of workers and their employers leave the former open to coercion and the threat of retaliation with respect to enforcing their rights;

Understanding that protecting the ability of workers to seek relief for violations of their rights furthers the public interest and protects commerce, hereby:

1. Defines:
   1. an "employment dispute" as any dispute arising between an employer and one or more individuals or their authorized representative concerning a work relationship between them;
   2. an "arbitration agreement" as any agreement to arbitrate a dispute;
2. Declares:
   1. subject to extant World Assembly resolutions, no arbitration agreement shall be valid or enforceable with respect to an employment dispute unless:
      1. the agreement was not mandated by the employer, made a condition of employment or any employment-related benefit, or effected through coercion;
      2. each individual entering into the agreement was informed in sufficiently plain writing of their right to refuse the agreement without fear of retaliation, in addition to any other protections they may have pertaining to the signing of the agreement;
      3. each individual entering into the agreement received a period of at least 30 days to accept or reject the agreement; and
      4. each individual entering into the agreement affirmatively consented to the agreement in writing;
   2. no employer may retaliate or threaten to retaliate against an individual for refusing to enter into an agreement that provides for arbitration of an employment dispute;
   3. no employer may retaliate or threaten to retaliate against an individual for seeking judicial enforcement of their rights;
3. Clarifies:
   1. no arbitrator shall determine the applicability of this resolution to an agreement to arbitrate;
   2. nothing in this resolution shall apply to any agreement between an employer or a labor organization, or between labor organizations, unless said agreement has the effect of waiving the ability of an individual to seek legal enforcement of their rights;
4. Urges member nations to protect the rights of workers and ensure that those rights can be legally enforced.

Votes For: 12 221 (77.4%)
Votes Against: 3 567 (22.6%)

Implemented Thu Aug 6 2020

[GA 503 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Integrity in Law Enforcement
A resolution to improve world security by boosting police and military budgets.

Category: International Security
Strength: Mild
Proposed by: Cretox State

Description: The World Assembly,

Recognizing the fundamental role law enforcement officers play in ensuring the safety and security of nations and their peoples;

Noting that in order to support this mission, governments often empower law enforcement officers with extraordinary authority over their fellow citizens, such as the powers to detain and apply deadly force;

Concerned that the misuse of such authority can and does lead to grave violations of the law, the sanctity of life, and the public peace;

Understanding that the concealment of crucial matters such as inquiries into violent incidents and law enforcement officers' violations of civil rights compromises public faith in law enforcement, the public safety, and the ability of law enforcement officers to perform their essential duties, hereby:

1. Defines for the purposes of this resolution:
   1. a "law enforcement officer" (LEO) as an individual acting in an official capacity to prevent or investigate potential offenses against a criminal law, with the powers to apprehend or detain individuals suspected or convicted of offenses against a criminal law, as authorized by a government;
   2. a "department" as an entity authorized to disclose records pursuant to this resolution;
   3. a "personnel record" as any file maintained by a department, which contains any information concerning:
      1. employment-related advancement, appraisal, discipline, or benefits; or
      2. complaints or investigation of complaints regarding an incident which an individual participated in or perceived, pertaining to their conduct with regards to said incident;
   4. a "final finding" as a final determination by an investigatory or determining body that the actions of an LEO are found to be unlawful or in violation of policy;
2. Declares:
   1. except as otherwise noted by law, the personnel records of any LEO, and any information obtained from such records, are confidential and shall not be disclosed in any investigation or proceeding, excepting investigations and proceedings concerning the conduct of said LEO;
   2. LEO personnel records must be made non-confidential and readily available for public consumption where they relate to:
      1. an investigation or findings regarding an incident involving the discharge of a firearm by a LEO, or an incident in which the use of force by a LEO resulted in death or severe bodily harm;
      2. an incident in which a final finding was made that a LEO initiated or attempted to initiate a sexual act through force or coercion, or under the guise of authority;
      3. an incident in which a final finding was made of dishonesty by a LEO in the course of their official duties;
   3. a department may only redact a personnel record disclosed pursuant to this resolution so long as said redaction serves any of the following purposes:
      1. to remove personal information, excepting work-related information regarding law enforcement officers;
      2. to maintain the anonymity of witnesses and complainants;
      3. to protect confidential information, so long as disclosure of such is specifically prohibited by international law or would constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;
      4. when the disclosure of certain information within said record could reasonably pose a significant physical danger to a LEO or other individual, or a significant danger to national security;
      5. when the disclosure of certain information would constitute a violation of prior World Assembly resolutions;
3. Clarifies:
   1. no part of this resolution shall be construed to limit the public’s right of access to information as established by other international law;
   2. a department may withhold disclosing a personnel record concerning an incident that is the subject of an active criminal or administrative investigation or criminal enforcement proceeding, so long as disclosure of such could reasonably be expected to interfere with said investigation or proceeding.

Votes For: 11 267 (72.6%)
Votes Against: 4 259 (27.4%)

Implemented Mon Aug 10 2020

[GA 504 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Wartime Journalism Protection Act"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #501
Proposed by: Refuge Isle

Description: General Assembly Resolution #501 "Wartime Journalism Protection Act" (Category: Education and Creativity, Area of Effect: Free Press) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The General Assembly,

Reaffirming that wartime journalists provide an essential service to society and deserve the legal protections necessary to carry out their functions,

Concerned, however, that the protections provided in GAR#501 contain broad loopholes, which nations that wish to conceal their activities may exploit,

Perceiving that:

• A nation which seeks to carry out a military operation that would violate international law, such as the offensive use of chemical weaponry on an enemy nation, may repel reporters under the claim that their presence would interrupt an active combat situation.
• A nation which seeks to carry out a genocide of its newly conquered territories may shield those activities from journalists under the exception that such reporting would jeopardise the goals of its military efforts.

Observing that even in less extreme cases, a nation is able to strip reporters of their legal protection in situations where:

• A journalist is in possession of any object which the warring nation may identify or attest to be a weapon, for such a term is undefined.
• A warring nation deems any reporting of its military activity or other wartime information to be an act of espionage.

Believing that journalists who are adherents of a religion that carries ceremonial weaponry should not be forgotten by the World Assembly, or excluded from its protections in order to carry out their jobs,

Assessing that journalists are unable to carry self-defence weaponry into a war zone without losing their legal protections, rendering them vulnerable to the same brutalities the resolution sought to avoid when they may have otherwise defended themselves,

Resolving that the legislation must be repealed to allow for proper protections for journalists, as it blocks more comprehensive legislation which could rectify the present flaws,

Hereby Repeals GAR#501: "Wartime Journalism Protection Act"

Votes For: 10 740 (71.5%)
Votes Against: 4 272 (28.5%)

Implemented Fri Aug 14 2020

[GA 505 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Public Access to Court Records
A resolution to enact uniform standards that protect workers, consumers, and the general public.

Category: Regulation
Area of Effect: Legal Reform
Proposed by: Imperium Anglorum

Description: Whereas court records are fundamental to the ability for the public to learn of and execute effective oversight on their judicial systems :

And whereas people of limited financial means have unconscionable financial barriers to their access of such documents :

And whereas it is the case that in many nations, knowledge of judicial decisions and doctrines is required to fully understand the law as it is enforced rather than as it is stated in text, meaning that such barriers make it difficult for poor people to determine what the law actually is :

Now, therefore, be it enacted by the World Assembly, by and with the advice and consent of the Delegates and Members, in this present session assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows :

1. Member nation court systems must to the best of their ability provide open access to unsealed court documents and their redacted derivatives in person, upon request, and online, charging no fees for the provision of such services. Reasonable limitations may be made to ensure the breadth of public access and the good faith of accessors. No limitation may be enforced on the ability of member nation inhabitants to read or reproduce such documents; nor may any copyright be recognised or enforced over documents produced by member nation courts.
   
   
2. The public has a presumptive right to all court documents, and such documents may only be sealed: (a) upon order of a judicial officer who has determined the specific and contextualised existence of a compelling need which (i) supersedes the public's interest in open access and (ii) is essential to preserve or advance the public interest or (b) if it is required by World Assembly legislation. When a court document is sealed, member nation courts must create and release a redacted derivative without the information that fails the test in the section above and, to the extent practicable, give reasons for the exclusion of such information.
   
   
3. All unsealed court documents and their redacted derivatives pertaining to a case must be deposited, upon the case's conclusion and within a reasonable time frame, with the Universal Library Coalition.

Votes For: 13 277 (86.3%)
Votes Against: 2 105 (13.7%)

Implemented Tue Aug 18 2020

[GA 506 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Promotion of Recycling"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #483
Proposed by: Honeydewistania

Description: General Assembly Resolution #483 "Promotion of Recycling" (Category: Environmental, Industry Affected: All Businesses - Mild) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The General Assembly,

Acknowledging and praising GAR#483 for its attempt to promote recycling of materials, thereby reducing waste;

Disappointed, however, at the numerous critical flaws in GAR#483 that render it unable to achieve its commendable goal;

Annoyed at the garbled language littered throughout GAR#483, rendering clauses incoherent and unable to be enforced even in good faith, such as clause 3’s bizarre phrasing 'the usage of through recycling recovered materials';

Concerned that despite defining ‘recyclable waste material’ in Clause 1(a), the term is not used in Clause 2(b), which as a result mandates that member nations implement separate systems to collect all refuse containing even a small portion of recyclable material;

Further concerned that this mandate is infeasible and incredibly costly, as it arguably requires the collection of goods that are:

1. a serious environmental, occupational or processing hazard;
2. extremely difficult or expensive to salvage or recycle; or
3. of incredibly low use in a member nation's economy;

Irritated by the resolution's apparent insistence on domestic handling of all materials, without any allowance made for possible trade or transshipment of recyclable waste products to reduce costs among all member states;

Saddened by the resolution’s lack of insistence on full upgrade and update measures for nations claiming to have recycling programs already in place, allowing pre-existing substandard recycling programs to pass without penalty; and

Hoping that by repealing this legislation, a more effective resolution to promote good recycling practices can be passed;

Hereby repeals General Assembly Resolution 483, "Promotion Of Recycling."

Co-authored by Sierra Lyricalia.

Votes For: 12 971 (83.9%)
Votes Against: 2 495 (16.1%)

Implemented Sat Aug 22 2020

[GA 507 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Restrictions on Forced Eugenics
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Significant
Proposed by: Maowi

Description: Condemning the use of forced eugenics,

Applauding the measures contained in GAR #38 "Convention Against Genocide" against the use of eugenics to further an agenda of ethnic cleansing,

Convinced that it should be the guardian's prerogative, and not a state's or a medic's, whether their unborn offspring undergoes genetic modification,

Subject to its previous, extant legislation, the World Assembly hereby:

1. Forbids member states, or the governments of any political subdivision thereof, from incentivising the genetic modification of any sapient offspring prior to their birth, except for incentivising the remedy or elimination of disorders, disabilities, or diseases;
   
   
2. Prohibits any individual or entity from genetically modifying or commanding the genetic modification of sapient offspring prior to their birth without the informed consent of the offspring's legal guardians; and
   
   
3. Forbids any individual or entity from compelling, forcing, or coercing a legal guardian to give consent to the genetic modification of their offspring prior to their birth.

Votes For: 12 006 (80.3%)
Votes Against: 2 939 (19.7%)

Implemented Wed Aug 26 2020

[GA 508 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

GMO International Trade Accord [Struck out by GA 521]
A resolution to enact uniform standards that protect workers, consumers, and the general public.

Category: Regulation
Area of Effect: Consumer Protection
Proposed by: Cretox State

Description: The World Assembly,

Admiring the potential of agricultural biotechnology to revolutionize food production, bolster commercial growth, and ensure food security for peoples throughout the world,

Recognizing genetically modified organisms as a crucial product of agricultural biotechnology, which offer immense benefits in crop yield, pest resistance, and other areas,

Understanding that genetically modified organisms by their very nature present a potentially extreme hazard to national populations, due in no small part to the unpredictability of novel genetic material, which poses substantial risks such as increased selection pressure on native organisms, gene transfer resulting in resistant pests and microorganisms with increased pathogenicity, and the impossibility of removing many such organisms from the environment after their introduction, and

Wishing to encourage the development of agricultural biotechnology while addressing this potential hazard and supporting global conservation and agricultural sustainability efforts through the regulation of the international trade of genetically modified organisms, hereby:

1. Defines for the purposes of this resolution:
   1. "biotechnology" as the application of genetic modification techniques that overcome natural barriers of physiological reproduction or recombination, and are not techniques used in traditional breeding and selection; and
   2. a "genetically modified organism" (GMO) as any living organism or product made from a living organism, including viruses and similar particles, that possesses genetic material in a novel combination obtained through the use of biotechnology, excepting sapient organisms;
2. Establishes the Committee for the Regulation of Modified Products (CRMP) under the International Trade Administration for the purpose of overseeing the implementation of measures pursuant to this resolution, with the following responsibilities:
   1. establishing and maintaining guidelines regarding the international trade of GMOs, in order to protect conservation efforts and biodiversity;
   2. providing guidance on environmental risk assessment of GMOs;
   3. facilitating the exchange of information concerning GMOs;
   4. assisting member nations with the acquisition of resources to safely develop and effectively regulate biotechnology;
   5. assisting member nations with the implementation of measures pursuant to this resolution; and
   6. providing funding to member nations for the purpose of implementing measures pursuant to this resolution, in the event that the member nations in question are demonstrably unable to otherwise implement such measures due to economic limitations;
3. Mandates that member nations:
   1. make decisions regarding the import of GMOs based on scientific environmental risk assessments where reasonable;
   2. take reasonable and effective measures to prevent the illicit shipment or accidental release of GMOs or their genetic material;
   3. take economically feasible measures to promote public awareness of the benefits and risks of GMOs according to a cost-benefit analysis of said measures; and
   4. assist with scientific and technical training regarding GMOs;
4. Reserves to member nations the ability to set their own policies regarding the sterilization of plant GMOs and the use of sterilized plant GMOs, with the following requirements:
   1. said policies must permit the use of sterilized plant GMOs in cases where the environmental benefit of using sterilized plant GMOs would clearly outweigh any downsides of their use; and
   2. said policies must implement reasonable and effective measures to prevent the spread of sterilized plant GMO pollen to any nearby fields of similar plants;
5. Encourages member nations to facilitate more expansive research and development of biotechnology.

Votes For: 10 610 (71.7%)
Votes Against: 4 187 (28.3%)

Implemented Sun Aug 30 2020

[GA 509 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Marine Protection Act [Struck out by GA 671]
A resolution to increase the quality of the world's environment, at the expense of industry.

Category: Environmental
Industry Affected: All Businesses - Strong
Proposed by: Cretox State

Description: The World Assembly,

Noting the importance of a healthy marine environment in maintaining biodiversity, enabling sustainable fishing and other commercial activities, and ensuring that people are fully able to enjoy recreational and cultural activities,

Applauding the commitment of this august body to the preservation of environmental health, including the integrity of marine environments,

Lamenting the lack of existing World Assembly resolutions designed to address destructive practices in essential marine environments, including unsustainable harvesting of marine organisms, heavy tourist traffic, waste dumping, and industrial activities, and

Wishing to remedy this deficiency by establishing an international framework for the protection of marine environments, hereby:

1. Defines "regulations" as reasonable restrictions on any of the following, for the purposes of this resolution:
   1. the types and scale of fishing and other harvesting of marine organisms;
   2. the dumping of waste;
   3. access to tourists and the activities tourists may undertake; or
   4. industrial activities, such as oil drilling and refinement;
2. Establishes the Committee for the Preservation of Marine Environments (CPME) to oversee the protection of critical marine environments in international waters, with the following responsibilities:
   1. identifying areas within international waters which would benefit from sanctuary designation due to said areas meeting any of the following conditions:
      1. being critical to the survival and growth of a species due to serving as a major spawning, breeding, or feeding area;
      2. serving as a habitat containing an exceptional level of biodiversity; or
      3. containing a notable shipwreck or other site of high cultural or historical significance;
   2. designating such areas as sanctuaries, and implementing and maintaining regulations in said areas to further the purpose for which said sanctuaries were designated;
   3. compiling and maintaining a comprehensive report on the state and health of the marine environment within each sanctuary as applicable to the purpose for which that sanctuary was designated, to be available upon request to any member nation; and
   4. ensuring that member nations are appraised of the regulations enacted within a sanctuary should they desire that information;
3. Clarifies that any regulations implemented under this resolution must comply with other World Assembly resolutions;
   
   
4. Permits member nations to petition the CPME to remove sanctuary designation from an area or modify regulations implemented pursuant to this resolution in that area, which the CPME shall thoroughly review before making a decision on the matter;
   
   
5. Mandates that member nations implement regulations within areas of their territorial waters meeting the conditions outlined in section 2a of this resolution, to the extent reasonable and effective in those areas;
   
   
6. Urges member nations to take further measures to protect marine environments within their territories; and
   
   
7. Encourages member nations to finance the implementation of measures pursuant to this resolution through financial penalties on industrial practices harmful to environmental health.

Votes For: 11 880 (76.4%)
Votes Against: 3 672 (23.6%)

Implemented Mon Sep 7 2020

[GA 510 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Ensuring Effectual Recycling
A resolution to increase the quality of the world's environment, at the expense of industry.

Category: Environmental
Industry Affected: All Businesses - Strong
Proposed by: Honeydewistania

Description: The General Assembly,

Acknowledging the large volume of waste produced in member nations partly as a result of rapid economic growth;

Recognising that large amounts of this non-compostable waste could cause serious damage to the health of animals and ecosystems;

Convinced that promoting and mandating recycling could reduce waste and prevent it from contaminating ecosystems;

Believing it is the duty of the World Assembly to promote such practices in order to protect the health of all beings and the ecosystems they inhabit; Hereby:

1. Defines, for the purposes of this resolution:

1. "recyclable waste" as waste that can be safely reprocessed into a material or product that can be reused for a practical purpose such as in manufacturing,
2. "recycled materials" as recyclable waste that has undergone the recycling process and has become a reusable material;

2. Compels member nations to ensure the availability of easily accessible, safe, and usable recycling systems for use by their businesses and inhabitants;

3. Mandates that member nations regularly upgrade and update any structures or buildings involved in the recycling process, pre-existing or otherwise, with the best possible improvements given the finances that might reasonably be allocated;

4. Authorises the use of the World Assembly General Fund, by member states, in order to ensure effective and reasonably-affordable compliance with clauses 2 and 3, for those that states that are reasonably unable to achieve these mandates otherwise;

5. Requires member nations to create initiatives, through penalisation or incentives, to:

1. raise awareness of recycling as a method to reuse waste;
2. encourage inhabitants and businesses to use recycling centres to recycle recyclable waste;
3. promote the usage or purchase of items made from recycled materials;

6. Mandates that member nations implement these initiatives to practical benefit;

7. Obligates member nations to create further accessible collection systems for recyclable waste, such as door side recycling or properly marked recycling bins;

8. Permits member states to incinerate or create and use landfills for certain types of waste when the technology or infrastructure does not exist, in that nation, to process the waste efficiently in a more environmentally-friendly way;

9. Mandates that member nations employ recycled materials wherever reasonably feasible;

10. Recommends member states to collate and conduct research to create or delegate the creation of more efficient or safer waste reduction or recycling methods, and to share this knowledge between each other;

11. Despite the above, requires member nations to pursue the least environmentally damaging viable alternative regarding waste reduction and recycling in cases where following any of the above mandates would result in a worse net outcome for the environment than not following them.

Co-authored by Kenmoria.

Votes For: 13 205 (85.2%)
Votes Against: 2 300 (14.8%)

Implemented Fri Sep 11 2020

[GA 511 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Commercial Arbitration Recognition
A resolution to reduce barriers to free trade and commerce.

Category: Free Trade
Strength: Significant
Proposed by: Cretox State

Description: The World Assembly,

Realizing that the member nations of this Assembly are significantly outnumbered by their external counterparts,

Believing it the responsibility of this august body to further the prosperity of the nations under its aegis and confer substantial benefits upon its membership,

Recognizing the importance of strengthening international commerce in achieving the above,

Highlighting the effectiveness of alternate dispute resolution, particularly through arbitration, in furthering international commerce by ensuring that any disputes arising from international commercial agreements can be efficiently resolved in in a forum that confers neutrality, finality of judgement, confidentiality, and procedural flexibility, all of which hinge upon the enforceability of resultant judgments, and

Wishing to provide a framework for the international recognition and enforcement of judgement arising from arbitration of international commercial disputes, thereby promoting free trade and commerce, hereby:

1. Defines:
   1. "arbitration" as the deciding of a legal dispute in a forum outside of a member nation's judiciary or international court of law;
   2. an "arbitral award" as a judgement on the merits of an arbitration by an arbitration tribunal, including judgments made by arbitrators appointed for a particular case as well as judgments made by a permanent arbitral body; and
   3. an "arbitration agreement" as any agreement providing for arbitration of a dispute;
2. Declares:
   1. all member nations must recognize arbitration agreements within their legal jurisdiction; and
   2. all member nations must recognize arbitral awards as binding, and enforce them to the extent required by the arbitral award;
3. Clarifies that member nations may not impose unnecessarily onerous conditions on the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards within their legal jurisdiction;
   
   
4. Further clarifies that member nations may refuse to recognize or enforce an arbitral award if any of the following conditions are met:
   1. the arbitral award or the arbitration agreement preceding it are invalid under said award or agreement's governing law;
   2. the party against whom the award is invoked was given insufficient notice of the arbitration proceedings, or was otherwise unable to present its case;
   3. the arbitral award concerns matters beyond the scope of the arbitration agreement;
   4. the procedure of the arbitration was not in accordance with the arbitration agreement or its governing law;
   5. the arbitral award has not yet become binding on the involved parties; or
   6. the subject matter of the arbitral award cannot be resolved through arbitration;
5. Asserts that nothing in this resolution shall be construed to limit the ability of individuals, nations, and organizations to enter into an arbitration agreement;
   
   
6. Clarifies that this resolution shall only apply to arbitration agreements, arbitration, and arbitral awards arising from international commercial agreements between two firms, a firm and a government, or two governments, or similar agreements of an international character between two firms, a firm and a government, or two governments; and
   
   
7. Further clarifies that nothing in this resolution applies to arbitration, arbitration agreements, or arbitral awards issued by or under the jurisdiction of a non-member nation.

Votes For: 10 131 (71.6%)
Votes Against: 4 015 (28.4%)

Implemented Sat Sep 19 2020

[GA 512 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Sovereign Justice Accord
A resolution to enact uniform standards that protect workers, consumers, and the general public.

Category: Regulation
Area of Effect: Legal Reform
Proposed by: Pope Saint Peter the Apostle

Description:

Whereas it is destabilising to the international system to permit suits against a member nation in the courts of another member nation, as this would

1. allow for member nations to engage in abusive suits against other and
2. imply that one nation is in a position of supremacy to the nation being sued:

And whereas sovereigns have incentives to avoid being held to justice in the status quo:

And whereas GAR 466 “World Assembly Justice Accord” creates a cohesive and robust means to try cases submitted to it and provides clear and effective measures to review decisions made therein:

Be it enacted by this august World Assembly as follows:

1. In this resolution,
   
   1. use of the singular includes the plural and vice versa,
   2. legal persons means legal persons under the jurisdiction of the World Assembly and/or its members,
   3. WAJC refers to the World Assembly Judiciary Committee,
   4. member means member nation,
   5. resolution means General Assembly resolution,
   6. IAO refers to the Independent Adjudicative Office, and
   7. WAJC courts refers to the courts established by the WAJC under section 2 of this resolution.
2. WAJC shall appoint judges to trial and appellate courts, which will hear cases in panels of one and three judges respectively.
   
   
3. No foreign affected legal person may initiate civil judicial proceedings against a member or its subdivisions, without the consent of that member or subdivision, except in WAJC’s trial courts and under procedures that may be established by resolution.
   
   
4. WAJC courts shall apply WA law and all other laws applicable within the relevant jurisdiction(s). Members must provide the WAJC with official translations of their laws in the WAJC’s working language.
   
   
5. WAJC must make regulations to govern the processes by which people can initiate judicial proceedings in a way that ensures that grievances can be processed and adjudicated fairly for all parties with respect to civil and criminal actions.
   
   1. If it can be shown to the IAO that those regulations are insufficient in fulfilling the mandates of this section, the IAO may alter or abolish them.
   2. Parties in cases before WAJC courts may retain counsel for their own representation.
6. Affected legal persons-
   
   1. may appeal against judgements of WAJC’s trial courts to its appellate courts and
   2. must cooperate fully with any orders and judgements issued by WAJC’s courts within a reasonable time frame, as set by the courts.
7. WAJC’s courts may require a member to pay compensatory and non-compensatory damages as part of a judgement against that nation.
   
   
8. No judge serving in a WAJC court may hear cases involving a member that they are or have been a citizen of, or where they have or have had permanent residence. WAJC may, upon acceptance of a case, dispatch court officials to a locale more convenient for proceedings. Members must permit the entrance and exit of such court officials.
   
   
9. All members must submit evidence requested by a WAJC court which it believes is sufficiently important. The courts of WAJC should, in deciding whether to request evidence from a member, weigh the interests of the member against the necessity of requesting the evidence.
   
   1. Members are to be permitted to file emergency motions against the production of classified documents with an appellate court of WAJC, who will have final judgement on the matter. The appellate courts may dismiss any motions that are prima facie frivolous or meant to disrupt proceedings.
   2. If a member is required to produce classified documents, WAJC’s courts will take appropriate measures to prevent the disclosure of said documents to the general public.

Co-authored by Imperium Anglorum.

Votes For: 10 994 (79.7%)
Votes Against: 2 799 (20.3%)

Implemented Mon Sep 28 2020

[GA 513 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Ending School Segregation
A resolution to promote funding and the development of education and the arts.

Category: Education and Creativity
Area of Effect: Educational
Proposed by: Imperium Anglorum

Description: Whereas the exclusion of minority students from education with the majority population in separate educational facilities creates an inherently unequal quality of education by neglecting the student's ability to discuss and exchange views with other students:

And whereas racial and class motivated biases, along with the costs of private education, produce self-segregation that negatively affects students' ability to engage with society writ large:

And whereas the only way to prevent this self-segregation is for the state to promote values of pluralism and tolerance in the realm of schooling:

And whereas, if the Assembly is to ensure minority students' inclusion in schools, safeguards are required to prevent staff from treating those students poorly and to protect such students from being harassed:

Now therefore, be it enacted by this august World Assembly as follows:

1. Rights of the child. Children have a right, by education, to develop competence to interact in a pluralistic society. Unless a child is physically unfit to attend a school or an undue hardship is imposed on the child by this requirement, member states must to the best of their ability advance this goal through schooling; to that end, among other things, they shall prohibit segregation and self-segregation of students by parental income, race, religion, or other protected classes.
   
   
2. Ensuring school quality. Member nations shall ensure that educational services not under their direct control meet or exceed the same standards as those under their direct control on the following criteria: educational goals, facilities, instructors' training, and other standards that member nations may by law or resolution create. Member nations may not use accreditation in a way that encourages segregation by classes in section 1.
   
   
3. School authorities' duty to parents. Parents may, with the advice and consent of an administrative law (or other suitably empowered) officer, require school authorities to take action to prevent their children from being poorly treated by other children or staff on account of background, beliefs, and other rights protected by World Assembly legislation.
   
   
4. Clarification. In this resolution,
   
   1. resolution refers to World Assembly resolutions and
   2. parent includes guardians.

Votes For: 12 837 (87.0%)
Votes Against: 1 915 (13.0%)

Implemented Fri Oct 2 2020

[GA 514 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

International Bankruptcy Protocol
A resolution to enact uniform standards that protect workers, consumers, and the general public.

Category: Regulation
Area of Effect: Legal Reform
Proposed by: Separatist Peoples

Description: Abhorring the lack of international comity requirements for insolvent entities in a world increasingly reliant on globalized commerce;

Fearing that such a lack may permit debtors to evade creditors by shifting assets across international borders, both hindering commerce and increasing the transactional cost of commercial and consumer bargaining;

Believing that bankruptcy is a tool to both protect debtors from insolvency and permanent barriers to obtaining consumer credit and creditors from losing any opportunity for remuneration;

Asserting that no loss of sovereignty truly occurs by extending the courtesy of comity to fellow members of the World Assembly, as all states benefit equally from their extension;

The World Assembly enacts the following:

1. “Bankruptcy” is a legal process overseen by a court or trustee that reorganizes or discharges debt meant to satisfy creditor claims while protecting debtors from extended insolvency and compounding debt.
   
   
2. A “foreign representative” is a person or persons authorized to appear on behalf of a nongovernmental debtor or creditor to represent the debtor or creditor’s interests in a foreign bankruptcy proceeding.
   
   
3. Member states must establish a judicial or administrative procedure to aid foreign representatives in recognizing and enforcing the applicable foreign bankruptcy laws over fiscal assets within the territorial jurisdiction of that member state.
   
   
4. Member states may require a reasonable analysis of the debtor’s ties to the host jurisdiction and to the foreign jurisdiction to determine whether extending bankruptcy comity is appropriate.
   
   
5. A reasonable analysis may inquire into:
   
   
   1. The proportion of assets within the host jurisdiction as compared to those in the foreign jurisdiction;
      
      
   2. The length of time those assets have been within the host jurisdiction; and
      
      
   3. Any other factor which the member state feels relevant and that facilitates fair and efficient bankruptcy procedures in conformity with the implicit goals of this resolution.
6. Notwithstanding foreign bankruptcy law, member states must:
   
   
   1. Enforce a mandatory stay of any creditor claims against the debtor’s assets within member state jurisdiction pending conclusion of the bankruptcy process if member states have extended comity under Clause 3, except for government liens meant to collect unpaid taxes; and
      
      
   2. Supply court records pertaining to ongoing proceedings and past bankruptcies on request by a party or government involved in the instant bankruptcy proceeding.
7. Member states may charge foreign representatives reasonable administrative or court fees, commensurate with domestic fees for similar work, when enforcing foreign bankruptcy comity claims.
   
   
8. No member state may treat the failure to obtain bankruptcy comity as having a preclusive effect on later domestic claims by either creditors or debtors.
   
   
9. Member states may enforce a time limit on the number of separate bankruptcy comity claims a court may enforce for a debtor.
   
   
10. Nothing in this resolution mandates the extension of comity to non-member states.

Votes For: 12 326 (84.5%)
Votes Against: 2 263 (15.5%)

Implemented Tue Oct 6 2020

[GA 515 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Ban on Sterilisation of Minors etc"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #472
Proposed by: Gorundu

Description: General Assembly Resolution #472 "Ban on Sterilisation of Minors etc" (Category: Civil Rights, Area of Effect: Mild) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The World Assembly,

Recognising the efforts made in GA #472, Ban on Sterilisation of Minors etc to prevent unnecessary sterilisation of minors;

Asserting that the purpose of independent review can be achieved with individual qualified medical professionals;

Concerned that Institutional Review Boards, as defined by GA#111, are bureaucratic institutions that are not required to be staffed with medical experts and thus serve no real purpose, except wasting the state's resources in setting up and maintaining such institutions;

Worried that requiring the permission of an Independent Review Board could unnecessarily prolong decision making in an emergency or in time-sensitive cases;

Further alarmed that clause two allows the World Assembly Compliance Commission (WACC) to create further regulations on behalf of the World Assembly, without needing to consult the will of the combined member nations;

Convinced that this Assembly should not pass legislation that empowers committees to create secondary legislation, as there is little supervision, if at all, over the actions these committees make;

Confident that regulations to ensure the proper review procedures for the sterilisation of minors can be instituted by further legislation without reducing the relevancy of member nations in the decisions concerning their own future;

Hereby repeals GA#472 "Ban on Sterilisation of Minors etc".

Votes For: 11 044 (76.0%)
Votes Against: 3 487 (24.0%)

Implemented Thu Oct 15 2020

[GA 516 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "World Assembly Trade Rights"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #209
Proposed by: Imperium Anglorum

Description: General Assembly Resolution #209 "World Assembly Trade Rights" (Category: Free Trade, Strength: Strong) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The World Assembly finds as follows:

1. Extending trade preferences on a most-favoured nation basis to all member nations requires that any further preference to an allied member nation also be given to other unfriendly member nations. Governments have interests in stopping the transfer of technology or linking of their industry with such unfriendly nations, motives which are not accounted for in GA 209, which only permits exceptions for 'vital national security interests during serious international disputes or times of war'.
   
   
2. Section 1(c) of the target resolution allows for existing trade zones to exist. But it is unclear how such existing trade zones can possibly 'ultimately lower trade barriers between their members' without inherently contradicting the most-favoured nation provision in section 1(a), as any members of a trade zone would by virtue of their membership be more favoured than non-trade zone member nations, putting such members in violation of section 1(a) unless their trade zone membership privileges were extended to all World Assembly member nations.
   
   
3. Section 2 does not give member nations authority to institute retaliatory tariffs against dumping or other unfair trade practices, instead only giving member nations the ability to support domestic industry with subsidies. This has two impacts. First, subsidies cost member nations money, while tariffs (being taxes) are net positive on a nation's treasury. By only allowing subsidies, this penalises member nations with weaker financial situations. Second, the use of subsidies instead of tariffs causes a race towards higher subsidies, as subsidies increase production, further driving down commodity prices, necessitating even higher subsidies to ensure viability. This singular-minded view on subsidies therefore harms the poorest member nations and saddles the Assembly as a whole with chronic overproduction and government support of inefficient industries.
   
   
4. GA 440 'Administrative Compliance Act' uses trade sanctions as a core means of enforcement of World Assembly legislation. It is unclear how strong such sanctions can be when section 1(a) requires equal treatment of nations regardless of their compliance with World Assembly resolutions. Basic fairness requires that member nations which are not compliant with Assembly legislation, a duty of membership in the Assembly, should not be given the benefits of membership. Repeal, therefore, repairs a sense of basic fairness necessary for the Assembly to operate justly and impartially.
   
   
5. Further legislation should be passed, patching the flaws present in GA 209, to ensure sufficient incentives for membership in the World Assembly.

Now, therefore, the World Assembly repeals GA 209 'World Assembly Trade Rights'.

Votes For: 12 627 (92.1%)
Votes Against: 1 081 (7.9%)

Implemented Mon Oct 19 2020

[GA 517 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Reducing Disease Vectors
A resolution to modify universal standards of healthcare.

Category: Health
Area of Effect: Research
Proposed by: Honeydewistania

Description: The World Assembly,

Recognising that numerous vector species, such as mosquitos, ticks and fleas, are vectors for deadly diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, bubonic plague and many others, and most of these diseases are difficult to cure or do not have working vaccines;

Concerned that the diseases vectors spread can imperil the health of many;

Believing that reducing the populations of disease vectors is of utmost importance and in the interests of public health, hereby:

1. Defines:
   1. "vector" as a non-sapient macro-organism that can transmit harmful pathogens to a sapient organism;
   2. "vector-spread pathogen" as a microorganism that can cause a disease, and is spread by vectors;
   3. "vector-infested area" as an area wherein the population of vectors is likely to cause serious harm to sapient populations within that area via vector-spread pathogens;
2. Tasks member nations with effectively conducting and assembling research on vectors and vector-spread pathogens within their territory that is necessary to reducing the threats of said vectors and vector-spread pathogens to public health;
   1. Member nations that have successfully eliminated or are close to eliminating the threats of vectors to public health are exempt from this mandate, but are encouraged to assist other member nations in their research;
3. Tasks the Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response Centre with, upon request, providing medical information relating to vector-spread pathogens to member nations;
   
   
4. Mandates that member nations publicly release any information in their possession that could potentially reduce vector populations or the spread of vector-spread pathogens for free, with necessary redactions to protect privacy or national security;
   
   
5. Requires that member nations create and promulgate effective and understandable guidelines for people and businesses in vector-infested areas to reduce the breeding of vectors or the spread of vector-spread pathogens;
   1. Clarifies that only vectors or vector-spread pathogens that are the main cause(s) of designating an area as a vector-infested area are those that are to be targeted by this clause;
6. Urges member nations to further enact policies using the research obtained to reduce disease vectors;
   
   
7. Clarifies that this resolution does not discourage nor limit the usage of other legal and safe methods of reducing the threat of vectors.

Votes For: 11 850 (79.8%)
Votes Against: 2 992 (20.2%)

Implemented Fri Oct 23 2020

[GA 518 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Provisional Rule in Wartime
A resolution to improve world security by boosting police and military budgets.

Category: International Security
Strength: Significant
Proposed by: Separatist Peoples

Text: Believing this Assembly’s past efforts to reduce unnecessary hardship and harm in military engagements are integral to maintaining the Assembly’s humanitarian mission;

Accepting that military occupation of civilian territory is often necessary to pacify the region following armed conflict;

Justly affirming that nations can balance effectively administering captured territory and the proper stewardship and protection of the inhabitants;

Outraged by military forces that treat occupied territory and peoples as an opportunity for plunder rather than hold the territory and its resources in trust for the territory’s inhabitants; and

Rejecting military success and profiteering as the ultimate goals of an occupation;

The World Assembly establishes the following:

1. A ‘military occupation’ is the effective and provisional control and administration of a territory by a military power not sovereign to the territory that it controls.
   
   
2. 'Military efforts’ are those actions or goals, exclusive of administration or policing, taken by military forces to coordinate operational or strategic advantages in armed conflict.
   
   
3. Member state occupying forces may:
   
   
   1. Create and enforce regulations to establish effective control over the occupied territory, provided they do not violate or frustrate extant World Assembly law;
      
      
   2. Levy reasonable, non-punitive taxes to defray the non-military costs of territory administration, except that such taxes may not fund compensation for occupying forces;
      
      
   3. Compel limited emergency civilian service, provided:
      
      
      1. All compelled workers are over the occupied territory’s age of majority;
         
         
      2. Occupying forces limit service to those efforts necessary to restore or improve the quality of life for civilians in the occupied territory;
         
         
      3. The service does not, in character or purpose, further military efforts; and
         
         
      4. The service accords with extant World Assembly labor law and pays a fair wage for the services rendered.
   4. Utilize natural and community resources to the benefit of the occupied territory, provided those resources:
      
      
      1. Are not appropriated for domestic use by the occupying force; and
         
         
      2. Do not further military efforts.
   5. Recruit volunteers for military service from within the occupied territory; and
      
      
   6. Employ captured public infrastructure, such as communication systems, roads, docks, or power grids, in occupied territories for military efforts.
4. Member state occupying forces must:
   
   
   1. Immediately confer upon occupied civilian populations of nonmember states the same rights and protections of extant World Assembly law applicable to non-citizen inhabitants of the occupying nation;
      
      
   2. Establish or restore an impartial adjudicative authority to resolve civil and criminal disputes within the occupied territory;
      
      
   3. Establish or restore essential civilian infrastructure in a timely and effective manner;
      
      
   4. Restore and enforce public order and safety while respecting the laws of the occupied land, to the extent that it does not frustrate World Assembly law.
      
      
   5. Narrowly tailor any restriction of individual freedoms; and
      
      
   6. Peacefully transition territorial authority to a sovereign government at the conclusion of hostilities or at such time as a durable and stable peace is forged.
5. The International Humanitarian Aid Coordination Committee will:
   
   
   1. Liaise with both military and civilian authorities within an occupied territory;
   2. Independently inspect occupying operations;
      
      
   3. Provide guidance, technical expertise, and aid for occupied civilian populations; and
      
      
   4. Report violations directly to the World Assembly Compliance Commission.
6. Member states must consider any serious or systematic breach of § 4, either intentionally, through gross negligence, or nonfeasance, a war crime and prosecute violators accordingly.
   
   
7. Member states need not treat isolated and de minimis violations as war crimes, provided they are reasonably redressed and do not continue.

Votes For: 10 596 (73.0%)
Votes Against: 3 915 (27.0%)

Implemented Tue Oct 27 2020

[GA 519 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]