How are the leaders of YN legislature chosen?

[Avinaa]

How are the leaders of your nation's legislature chosen? With the election of a new speaker of the UK House of Commons, and the ongoing speculation on who will be the next speaker of the Canadian House of Commons this question interests me. If YN has a legislature, how is (are) its presiding officer(s) elected? What are their roles?

In Avinaa the lower house, the House of Representatives, elects a Speaker of the House who serves as its presiding officer, administrative head, and parliamentary leader. Unlike the UK or Canadian speakers in Avinaa the speakership is a partisan position and is expected to push through the government's legislative agenda. Because the office has significant influence on the legislative process in a coalition government the speakership is usually given the leading party of government. However, unlike the American speaker the Speaker of the Aviniaain House of Reps does not serve as the party's caucus leader, this role is played by the prime minister. The Speaker is elected by the entire House in a roll-call vote with each party (or coalition) nominating their own candidate.

In the upper house, the Federal Senate, the presiding officer is called the President. The President serves as the constitutional liaison between the President of the Federal Republic (head of state) and the National Assembly. Unlike the Speaker of the House the President of the Senate is not elected by his fellow party members but in a secret ballot of all senators (meaning an opposition senator could be elected). While the President does not formally give up their partisan affiliation they are expected to act in a non-partisan manner and as such are given little actual powers to influence the business of the Senate. The Senate's agenda is set by the Chair of the Ways and Means committee, who is appointed by the Senate Majority Leader, the government's floor leader.

[Diarcesia]

Sortition

[Aldina]

Each Imperial canton is entitled to send one representative to the Imperial Senate; elections for Senator are held in each canton every five years. The Senate is in turn headed by a Chancellor appointed by the monarch. The monarch is neither required nor expected to preside over the Senate directly; that duty is delegated to the Chancellor who acts as the Crown's representative in the legislature, and though the monarch can technically overrule any Senate motion that passes with less than a two-thirds majority, in practice monarchial intercession in the day-to-day business of legislation is something that happens only on rare occasions.

[Aikoland]

In the Parliament of Aikoland, the President of the Chamber of Deputies (the lower chamber of Parliament) is elected by their fellow Deputies at the start of each new Parliament. The President is responsible for taking roll, determining who is allowed to speak, choosing what items are on the agenda each day, overseeing debate (although they themselves do not participate in debates), maintaining proper parliamentary conduct (and punishing those who act unbecoming of a politician), and serving as a tiebreaker vote, if necessary. When it comes to voting to break a tie, tradition is they will vote for whatever option that the majority of their party is supporting. (The President of the Chamber of Deputies is most often a member of Her Majesty's Government, but not always)

The President of the Senate (the upper chamber of Parliament) is the Deputy Prime Minister and their role is much more limited. They can only cast tiebreaker votes and must vote 'to further debate'. (The Senate is much weaker than the Chamber of Deputies and the only powers the Senate has in regards to the passage of legislation is amending legislation passed by the Chamber of Deputies and sending it back to the lower chamber for a revote [can only be done three times per legislation] and the power to block up to six pieces of legislation from passing into law per calendar year. As far as this concerns the President of the Senate, they will always vote 'Yes' if the tie is in regards to an amendment to a piece of legislation and they will always vote 'No' if the tie is in regards to blocking a piece of legislation from passing into law)

[Limoca]

The unicameral Parliament of Limoca is presided by a Speaker, who is elected by simple majority vote of all its members. The Speaker is responsible for maintaining order, managing the business of Parliament and representing the institution in public functions. The Speaker comes from the party in control of Parliament.

[Gandoor]

The unicameral Forum of the Democratic Republic of Gandoor is lead by the Head of the Forum. As the Head of the Forum is also first-in-line to the office of Prime Minister, it is the responsibility of the Prime Minister to nominate someone to the office who must be confirmed by a simple majority vote by the Forum itself.

Unlike in some systems, the Head of the Forum is not considered a Member of the Forum (similar to how the Vice-President of the United States is President of the Senate despite not being a Senator) and they can may not participate in debate and may only vote to serve as a tiebreaker, with Gandoor utilizing the same convention as in the British House of Commons for tiebreaker votes, that is the Head of the Forum will always vote in favour of the option that will lead to further debate)

Other than their role as a tiebreaker vote, the Head of the Forum is responsible for taking roll call and overseeing debates and votes. They are also responsible for maintaining proper parliamentary conduct and can order a Member of the Forum to leave the premises if they are engaging in conduct unbecoming of a politician. While the majority of suspensions from the Forum only last for the rest of the day, they do have the authority to suspend a Member of the Forum from participating in the Forum for up-to one month. If any subject goes to vote while a Member is suspended, then their vote is automatically counted as an abstention. (Gandoor does not have a formal way of recognizing if an individual was not present for a vote, there only exists 'Aye', 'Nay', and 'Abstain'; any instances of a Member not being present is considered to be an 'Abstain')

As stated above, the Head of the Forum is also first-in-line to the office of Prime Minister and can also serve as acting-Prime Minister if the current officeholder is temporarily unable to perform their duties.

[Imperial Gatorland]

In Imperial Gatorland, our legislature is the Imperial Senate. It consists of the Councils of Princes, Lords and Representatives.

The Imperial Monarch (the Emperor) is ex officio the President of the Council of Princes.

The Chief Judge of the Empire is ex officio President of the Council of Lords.

The Vice President of the Empire is ex officio President of the Council of Representatives.

[Griemvarant]

Legislature in Griemvarant can be a bit fast-and-loose, but because much of it relies on feedback from ordinary citizens it also reduces pork-barrel spending and kickbacks. At the provincial level, an elected senate can make local laws so long as they don't conflict with Confederacy-wide law. At the highest level, laws for the entire nation are written by one or more of the seven Confederates, but have to include documentation of the idea's origins. That is, it's going to be more difficult for a law to be passed if it was solely an idea that a single Confederate had. Most often they receive suggestions from governors, mayors or even citizens regarding problems that the people face, and will work with their aides to write up proper legislation. While not a foolproof system, the emphasis on law being inspired by the issues facing ordinary citizens helps to ensure that the government continues to work for the people's benefit.

[Polinikia]

Each Motupuni (Island group) of Polinikia, sends three representatives, and the capital district sends two representatives to the Fono . The Fono consists of two houses; the Upper House or Ta Fare o na Mataihi/Mataifi'i " House of the Nobles" and the Lower House or Ta Fare o Matainaina "House of the People". The Tuhina nui (or first minister) who is head of state, is a one year posting, and is rotated among the motupuni governors. The Head of government is the tuhina rua, who is selected by the Ta Fare o Matainaina. The tuhina rua serves for two terms.

[Santa Anita]

How are the leaders in our nation's Parliament chosen? Democratically.
His Royal Majesty Alberto.
Her Royal Majesty Anita.
The Democratic Capitalist Kingdom of Santa Anita.

[Santa Nita]

How are the leaders in our nation's Parliament chosen? Democratically.
His Royal Majesty Alberto.
Her Royal Majesty Nita.
The Democratic Capitalist Kingdom of Santa Nita.

[-San Cristobal-]

The Speaker of the House of Commons is elected by their fellow MPs at the start of each new parliament.

The President of the Republic also serves as President of the Senate and is selected by the Prime Minister but must be affirmed by both chambers of Parliament.

[Prozitia]

In a technocratic-democratic way. There's a lot of vetting with representatives and voters need to meet certain quotas for their vote to be more valuable than those who don't.

[Charellia]

Charellia's National Council has two official leaders: The Speaker and the Head of Council. The speaker is non-partisan and responsible for the affairs of the council itself, while the Head of Council is a partisan position, responsible for overseeing the passage of legislation. The speaker is chosen by secret ballot, while the Head of Council is elected by a roll call vote. Parties usually vote as a bloc, but some Councilmembers have been known to break with party affiliation to support a candidate in a tight race.

[Ruritane]

The leaders of Ruritane's legislature, of which there are two, are elected by the congresspeople from the leaders of the major parties. Some criticize this system as too limited.

[Wochaystein]

The leaders of the legislature are elected by the local electorate, according to the Constitution of Wochaystein.

[Omerica]

In accordance with the Instrument of Government, the Basic Law which defines the operation of the Omerican federal government, each house of the Federal Diet elects a Speaker by secret ballot and in accordance with its own rules of procedure. The Speakers are expected to exercise the powers of the Chair in a politically neutral fashion, but this convention is implemented differently between the two houses, reflecting their differing origins and roles.

The Speaker of the House of Representatives (Président de la Chambre des représentants) is elected by the whole House in a secret ballot at the start of each Diet or when the Speakership falls vacant and holds office until the dissolution of the House. The Speaker is generally elected from the ranks of the Government, which usually holds the necessary majority to elect their own candidate; three deputies are also elected, with two coming from the opposite side of the House to the Speaker and one coming from the same side. As the Speaker and their deputies are expected to abstain from debate and votes, this effectively pairs the occupants of the Chair, maintaining the numerical balance of power between the Government and Opposition. The Speaker is the only member of the House to not have an ordinary vote on questions, instead possessing a casting vote which is only exercised in case of a tie among the rest of the House and only in accordance with strict precedent.

The Speaker of the House of Plenipotentiaries (Président de la Chambre des plénipotentiaires) is elected annually by the whole House for a term from New Year’s Day to New Year’s Eve. However, by convention, the Speakership rotates between republics on a predetermined cycle, making the election mostly a formality. Two deputies are also elected, who are conventionally chosen from the ranks of the next two republics in the rotation; however, unlike their counterparts in the lower house, the deputy speakers may continue take part in debate and exercise their vote like any other member. The Speaker themself lacks a casting vote in the fashion of their lower house counterpart; instead, the Speaker always votes last and only if their vote would be decisive. The purpose of these voting arrangements is to prevent any republic from losing their equal voting power by having a plenipotentiary in the Chair.

[Ruslandi]

They are handpicked by the current Reichsführer

[Creslonia]

A candidate for the role of speaker of the house can be nominated by any Creslonian member of Parliament. A winning candidate is then elected by the Supreme Court to be the speaker of House.

[Deacarsia]

The legislature in the Kingdom of Deacarsia is the Crinalvar, which consists of two houses.

The Datai, or House of Commons, consists of two members elected from each county, known as knights of the shire. Elections are very informal affairs, often occuring without a formal ballot, where any adult Catholic man possessing citizenship and freehold property in a county with an annual rent of at least forty shillings is eligible to participate in the election for that county.

The Colamra, or House of Lords, consists of the nobility, or Lords Temporal, and the Catholic bishops of the Kingdom, the Lords Spiritual.

Additionally, in Deacarsia, the King still is a considerable force in politics, though he still is subject to law and held accountable.

[Hamidiye]

The nominal highest legislature of the Empire is his exalted Highness the Sultan. The Sultan selects his successor within the Imperial Family and designates a Shezade.
On the subaltern levels however each of the four Eyalets of the Empire elect a regional assembly each, called the Meclis-i-Eyâlet. The sancaks composing the Eyâleti each elect their own Meclis-i-Sancak. On the Highest level the Sultan choses his Pashas and above them the Viziers as a council of advisors. They however de facto form only the executive of the state, and the Imperial legislative mandate rests solely with his Exalted Highness. The Sultan also has the power to either directly govern any entity he choses or to ensend a governor of his choice for a region of whatever size he desires, making one of his Pashas the direct ruler of that area, the paşalık. In practice there are only two paşalıks: Jerusalem and Al-Afghan. The former to avoid the religious unrest plaging the city, the latter following the Afghani rebellion of the 1980s and the Taleban-unrest. In both cases a military officer was sent to quell unrest and to secure the rule of the Sultanate. Martial law is in effect in both areas.

[Auzkhia]

Each house of the Realm's Parliament, the lower House of Deputies and the upper Federal Council each have a president who leads administration of parliament together with vice presidents from each party. The government coalition picks the president, and the President of the House of Deputies is the second official next to the Chancellor, and then President of the Federal Council, and then are the vice presidents, who are also voted from their parties. The presidium of each house is to maximize representation of voters, the federal states, and ensure independent and fair cooperation. The presidents and vice presidents are chosen solely by members of their respective houses in parliament.

[Estainia]

The President of the Senate is chosen by the appointment and pleasure of Her Imperial Majesty and nothing else. The President as their name implies, presides over the Senate.

[Kodoonr]

Rules and customs vary between regions and clans, but most members of the clan affect legislation, with senior positions going(often elders) with strength, skill, wisdom, experience, and charisma, and age.

[Konolas]

The KCWP members are elected by each state governor with the exeption of the states of Igorgrad and Western Sulia. The governors are elected by wordteller of each city which are elected by the people. The KCWP elects leaders with a ballot. Political parties are lead by governors which have been governors for at least 5 years