Future Tech Advice and Assistance Thread [O.O.C.]

by **Waikahla-Pohakuula** » Wed Jan 02, 2019 10:04 pm

Sunset wrote:
Great Aletia wrote:
-snip-

... Our standard grav-tank is as big as a middle-class house, which is just about the right size for fighting in both open country and in built-up cities...

No.

Doppio Giudici wrote:How would a middle class house fit in the space of five lanes and two sidewalks?

It wouldn't.

by **Doppio Giudici** » Fri Jan 11, 2019 7:10 pm

During a few hours of math, I realized that if I did an ETC version of my MT nation's rifle round, to be my FT nation's rifle round.. The recoil would be sniper rifle levels almost, while delivering heavy sniper rifle levels of joules. Turns out increasing the speed of something by 85% has it's ups and downs.

What do other nations do to get results in the FT world against FT body armor and spooky space aliens? Lasers using up crazy amounts of energy? Explosive rounds? Heavy metals in bullet construction?

by **Kassaran** » Fri Jan 11, 2019 9:01 pm

In Nobis Pacem, body armor hasn't actually been developed into full-suits yet, as there's more of a focus put on maneuverability and hard-kill potential. To be entirely honest, I doubt force-fields are all that reasonable unless you have access to the power-sources that enable that much energy production. Humans in Nobis Pacem have standardized high-energy rounds with an emphasis on micro-calibers and high round capacity, the major reasoning being for the lack of major near-peer conflicts in the world Post-WW2. The closest was "WW3" which was effectively an inter-regional conflict between the Chinese and Indians, during which the United States cited potential Chinese infiltration into South America to begin the Pax Americana period of low-intensity assymetrical conflicts that stretched into the 22nd Century's Exodus event.

To that same number, the development of functioning exo-skeletons came too late to be fully utilized in anything below Delta-grade spacecraft or larger space-stations with the space to use them. Exo-skeletons enabled some newer measures, like NRA, to be utilized more commonly developed and used, but the reasoning for their usage was limited expressly to combat engineers and some special forces applications. For anything infantry can't deal with, well that's why you have crew and platform-served weaponry and move up the tiers from there.

For the Phyran aliens, which Humanity eventually came into contact with at the end of the 25th Century, some pirates attempted to use energy weaponry, but to mostly no use due to the intense gravitational distortions that occurred, neutralizing the effectiveness of incoming fire and the ultra-hardened materials used in withstanding such turbulence. The weapons they (Phyrans) use are in effect non-counterable without similar tech, that being gravitational manipulation and DEW's. There's also core-ejections (as Phyrans use small, artificially-made, stars as fuel sources for their largest ships) and they can direct coronal ejections at will with enough manipulation of the containment area's gravity fields.

by **Doppio Giudici** » Fri Jan 11, 2019 9:26 pm

Chart

In MT, Dauntless body armor has really set the standard for protection on NS MT (Also my FT homeplanet). The IRL US uses body armor that is around 6A on this chart I provided.

I did a bunch more math and was able to design a round that gets past modern day body armor, without serious recoil, but I'm stuck using tungsten cores. If I want to get past the armor without using heavy metals, I'm stuck getting the speed of the round up so high, it's sniper rifle level recoil, like mosin levels. My nation also uses exp-skeletons, but I intend my weapons to be fired at full auto.

Reading what you said, I am curious if your nations ammo, would even get past my nations body armor or IRL body armor. You got any numbers sitting around?

Kassaran wrote:In Nobis Pacem, body armor hasn't actually been developed into full-suits yet, as there's more of a focus put on maneuverability and hard-kill potential. To be entirely honest, I doubt force-fields are all that reasonable unless you have access to the power-sources that enable that much energy production. Humans in Nobis Pacem have standardized high-energy rounds with an emphasis on micro-calibers and high round capacity, the major reasoning being for the lack of major near-peer conflicts in the world Post-WW2. The closest was "WW3" which was effectively an inter-regional conflict between the Chinese and Indians, during which the United States cited potential Chinese infiltration into South America to begin the Pax Americana period of low-intensity assymetrical conflicts that stretched into the 22nd Century's Exodus event.

To that same number, the development of functioning exo-skeletons came too late to be fully utilized in anything below Delta-grade spacecraft or larger space-stations with the space to use them. Exo-skeletons enabled some newer measures, like NRA, to be utilized more commonly developed and used, but the reasoning for their usage was limited expressly to combat engineers and some special forces applications. For anything infantry can't deal with, well that's why you have crew and platform-served weaponry and move up the tiers from there.

For the Phyran aliens, which Humanity eventually came into contact with at the end of the 25th Century, some pirates attempted to use energy weaponry, but to mostly no use due to the intense gravitational distortions that occurred, neutralizing the effectiveness of incoming fire and the ultra-hardened materials used in withstanding such turbulence. The weapons they (Phyrans) use are in effect non-counterable without similar tech, that being gravitational manipulation and DEW's. There's also core-ejections (as Phyrans use small, artificially-made, stars as fuel sources for their largest ships) and they can direct coronal ejections at will with enough manipulation of the containment area's gravity fields.

When you say micro-calibers, do you mean sabots or SLAP?

by **Ella2 6** » Sat Jan 12, 2019 12:13 am

At the end of the day, there are only two basic physical principles that really governs how guns interact with people. The first principle is the conservation of energy and the second principle is the conservation of momentum. The conservation of energy relates the amount of energy it takes to fire the rifle directly with the amount of damage the rifle deals. The conservation of momentum relates the momentum of the rifle firing with the momentum of the recoil.

So let's start off with the easiest one: The Law of Conservation of Energy. The Law of Conservation of Energy simply states that potential energy can be transformed into kinetic energy. Simple enough. The potential energy is the amount of energy your gunpowder, battery or whatever other power sources you use to launch a projectile (indeed, even photons can be considered projectiles when you have a powerful enough laser beam). The formula for kinetic energy is as follows:

KE = (1/2) m(bullet) v(bullet)^2

The Law of Conservation of Momentum simply states that momentum is conserved. While this is not necessarily true, in this context you can think of this law as an extension of Newton's Third Law of Motion: Every action has an opposite and equal reaction. This means the momentum of your bullet firing is equal and oppose to the momentum of the gun's recoil. The formula for momentum is as follows:

p = m(bullet) v(bullet)

As you can probably tell, this is going to be a maths heavy post, so I've broken it down into parts for you!

by **Kassaran** » Sat Jan 12, 2019 1:01 am

Doppio Giudici wrote:Chart

In MT, Dauntless body armor has really set the standard for protection on NS MT (Also my FT homeplanet). The IRL US uses body armor that is around 6A on this chart I provided.

I did a bunch more math and was able to design a round that gets past modern day body armor, without serious recoil, but I'm stuck using tungsten cores. If I want to get past the armor without using heavy metals, I'm stuck getting the speed of the round up so high, it's sniper rifle level recoil, like mosin levels. My nation also uses exp-skeletons, but I intend my weapons to be fired at full auto.

Reading what you said, I am curious if your nations ammo, would even get past my nations body armor or IRL body armor. You got any numbers sitting around?

When you say micro-calibers, do you mean sabots or SLAP?

So, the focus on the infantry weaponry in Nobis Pacem isn't on defeating near-peer adversaries. Rather, it was standardized when mega-cities came into the vogue sometime in the late 21st Century. It wasn't until the 22nd Century that conflicts began to more regularly happen in cities and their dense sparling suburban neighborhoods in Asia, the Middle East, and South America. In an attempt to minimize the potential for collateral damage from infantry weapon's fire, the focus went from penetrating ceramic plates to the kevlar and fiber-based protections.

To put it simply, no, the ammunition of the future in Nobis Pacem wouldn't get through the body armor for modern-day soldiers on the first or even the tenth rounds in it's expected engagement range. It's point though isn't to penetrate armor, it's to penetrate light cover and concealment within roughly 150m of the soldier. The lack of near-peer adversaries resulted in a scaling back in the destructive power of most weapons whilst preserving their initial roles.

The tl;dr of this post? More bullets, less weight, more speed, less penetration. The future is dominated in Nobis Pacem by small-caliber weapons, relying on specialists using particular equipment to crack hard targets and focusing on enabling higher unit mobility than kill-potential. It is the ultimate police keeping force that became the singular intention of the largest military forces of the late 21st century and beyond.

by **Kassaran** » Sat Jan 12, 2019 1:24 am

Ella2 6 wrote:-le numbers-
My science-fiction race, the Ellians, use this principle of high-velocity, low-mass ordnance everywhere. They specialise in electromagnetics, which allows them to build railguns that fire plasma bolts which fly really fast but doesn't weigh much.

For infantry arms, the Ellians have assault rifles that fire bullets weighing less than milligrams but can travel hundreds of times faster than the speed of sound, yet offers almost negligible recoil. The sonic boom is literally deafening, so make sure you wear ear protection!

I- I just want to tell you that, first: thank you for the numbers, it definitely gives some awesome insight, but...

So, there's some issues with this, and it starts at the railguns that shoot plasma. I'd like some explanations here, because it's not making sense to me how that works.

On the note of Ellians (ayyyy-liens), there are some issues I'm taking with these numbers:

1) Weapon construction -it would not only have to be able to withstand the enormous amount of energy it imparts, it would have to also be able to withstand the monumental amounts of heat also involved. Firing rounds creates heat in one way or another, and if you're launching the round at these percent-of-causality level speeds, you're running into issues likely finding any material capable of doing so.

2) Round construction -not all rounds can be fired at extreme speeds, and unless you're spending a bunch of money manufacturing ultra-dense bullets, you're probably going to run into these issues too for the Ellians. These rounds are light enough where simply hitting atmosphere at this point, is going to be enough to begin imparting critical friction upon them until they critically fail not too far from the shooter, though I wouldn't know the maths without the numbers of the scenario at hand.

by **Kyrusia** » Sat Jan 12, 2019 1:34 am

As I told Ella a bit ago (and whomever else happens to be up at this obscene hour): Gyrojets are love.

My qualitative, offsite contributions to the discussion of fluid dynamics rapidly degraded after that, to the point I suddenly forgot that, in fact, space is functionally 3-dimensional. That does not, however, stop me from qualitatively agreeing with ayyyyy-liens. Only perturbs me I didn't make the connection for the wordplay myself first.

by **Ella2 6** » Sat Jan 12, 2019 1:48 am

Kassaran wrote:So, there's some issues with this, and it starts at the railguns that shoot plasma. I'd like some explanations here, because it's not making sense to me how that works.

On the note of Ellians (ayyyy-liens), there are some issues I'm taking with these numbers:

1) Weapon construction -it would not only have to be able to withstand the enormous amount of energy it imparts, it would have to also be able to withstand the monumental amounts of heat also involved. Firing rounds creates heat in one way or another, and if you're launching the round at these percent-of-causality level speeds, you're running into issues likely finding any material capable of doing so.

2) Round construction -not all rounds can be fired at extreme speeds, and unless you're spending a bunch of money manufacturing ultra-dense bullets, you're probably going to run into these issues too for the Ellians. These rounds are light enough where simply hitting atmosphere at this point, is going to be enough to begin imparting critical friction upon them until they critically fail not too far from the shooter, though I wouldn't know the maths without the numbers of the scenario at hand.

Plasma is just ionised gas (either positive or negative ionisation), which means that plasma can be manipulated by electromagnetic fields. Opposite fields attract, like fields repel. Hence, you can shoot a blob of plasma out of a railgun or coilgun using this principle: Have the rail/coil in front of the plasma be attractive and the rail/coil behind the plasma be repulsive.

Plasma also has a very special property which is that it can generate its own internal magnetic field that holds it together, but this effect only lasts for approximately a millisecond, which is why making it go fast is important. If the plasma bolt dissipates, it's going to hit with the same KE, but spread over a larger area. Pressure is defined by force divided by area, so the large the area, the weaker the pressure and the smaller the chance of penetration.

Mach 600 is only 0.0686% the speed of light. It is nowhere near fast enough to set the atmosphere on fire. The minimum required to do that is approximately 7% the speed of light. If you go to 7% the speed of light, you get instant nuclear fusion happening as the bullet slams into the air particle so fast that the air particle can't move out of the way, so they literally fuse together into... Like... Thorium or uranium if it was a lead bullet... Yeah, no. Sorry. I got off on a weird tangent. Yeah, no. 600 times the speed of sounds is fast, but it's nowhere near fast enough to even cause significant enough mass dilation that you can measure it.

The plasma need not be hot either, just ionised. Additionally, the plasma is accelerated in the barrel, meaning that the average velocity in the battle is only half of the muzzle velocity, so Mach 300. That those speeds with a bullet that's literally just a ball of ionised helium, there's not much to be said about either gun construction or bullet construction being an issue.

Those superconducting rails are going to have a hell of a time though, but that's something you can either handwave or figure out some sort of field repair mechanism for (like how the German MG 34 has a replaceable barrel). I imagine replacing those rails for a nation with access to ten billion watts of energy production to not really even be considered a problem.

by **Doppio Giudici** » Sat Jan 12, 2019 2:15 am

So what exactly did you end up using? 55 grain assault rifle ammo? Darts?

What happens when you don't fight a near-peer for decades on end?

by **Ella2 6** » Sat Jan 12, 2019 2:42 am

I thought "blobs of helium and hydrogen plasma" was rather self-explanatory.

by **Kassaran** » Sat Jan 12, 2019 3:50 am

Ella2 6 wrote:I thought "blobs of helium and hydrogen plasma" was rather self-explanatory.

I believe he was referring to the Nobis Pacem storyline...

Doppio Giudici wrote:So what exactly did you end up using? 55 grain assault rifle ammo? Darts?

What happens when you don't fight a near-peer for decades on end?

We utilize encased ammunition assault rifle style ammunition, not unlike modern-designs. Caseless was briefly experimented with again, but overheating issues from more advanced propellants forced the return to encased ammunition as the heat imparted upon infantry weapon systems grew too rapidly.

What happens when you don't fight a near-peer for decades? Try almost over two centuries. By the time the first of the major wars between large factions started up again, most militaries hadn't seen full-scale mobilization in almost two centuries (2164 was when the WW3 of the timeline occurred, and the resulting fighting which stretched over the three decades after was the result of the major world powers slowly annexing their spheres of influence), and the result was that the style of combat pioneered by the Soviets in Afghanistan and later the Americans became the norm. As the major players on the world stage began a second era of imperialism, where they sought to control their respective trade blocs, minor fighting occurred wherever those blocs overlapped or came too close to one another. The wars between individual smaller nations would spring up, but were quickly suppressed as superpowers moved in to bring stability to their respective regions.

The consequences of being in peace-keeping and police mode for almost two centuries though, was exactly as expected, as most nations shifted their focus to combating insurgent forces and terrorist organizations. A priority was given to unmanned solutions as they gave far more loiter-time on the battlefield and the rise of the Special Operations Military Force became apparent. As less and less infantry were given to dedicated combat roles, and rather used to just hold vital infrastructure deemed strategically useful, Special Operations became critical in understanding and promoting their individual nations' interests while combating the interests of foreign adversaries. In the end, the only really big combat zones were in South America and Africa, as the Indo-Chinese War was kept relatively contained and resulted in no net gain for either side.

by **Doppio Giudici** » Sat Jan 12, 2019 11:23 am

Is encased, cased or semi-caseless?

by **Ella2 6** » Sat Jan 12, 2019 8:47 pm

Kassaran wrote:
Ella2 6 wrote:I thought "blobs of helium and hydrogen plasma" was rather self-explanatory.

I believe he was referring to the Nobis Pacem storyline...

Lol. My bad.

by **Great Aletia** » Sun Feb 24, 2019 1:47 pm

Is there anything here that doesn't add it up or seems out of place, keeping in mind the topic it's dealing with? I'm not doing hard sci fi (My setting is more semi-hard, kind of like the Expanse, but with elements of space opera), but I want things to at least make sense.

https://www.nationstates.net/nation=gre ... id=1173273

by **Kyrusia** » Sun Feb 24, 2019 5:29 pm

Great Aletia wrote:Is there anything here that doesn't add it up or seems out of place, keeping in mind the topic it's dealing with? I'm not doing hard sci fi (My setting is more semi-hard, kind of like the Expanse, but with elements of space opera), but I want things to at least make sense.

https://www.nationstates.net/nation=gre ... id=1173273

Aside from the popular science use of the term "dimension," (it'd technically be an alternate universe or parallel worldvolume or parallel n-brane of some sort, but that's just a personal observation, don't take this as a criticism; I use the term "dimension" in the popular way myself), it reads fine to me. I really like one bit in particular, given you're allowing for hyperspace and realspace interaction: "The creation of a hyperlane involves the construction of a series of energy generators along the intended route. These generators continuously transmit energy through hyperspace, forcing it open and leading the development of a hyperlane." Really like this idea.

If you intend on expanding on the system further, you might find this older post of some benefit, perhaps, too.

by **Great Aletia** » Tue Feb 26, 2019 12:42 pm

Kyrusia wrote:
Great Aletia wrote:Is there anything here that doesn't add it up or seems out of place, keeping in mind the topic it's dealing with? I'm not doing hard sci fi (My setting is more semi-hard, kind of like the Expanse, but with elements of space opera), but I want things to at least make sense.

https://www.nationstates.net/nation=gre ... id=1173273

Aside from the popular science use of the term "dimension," (it'd technically be an alternate universe or parallel worldvolume or parallel n-brane of some sort, but that's just a personal observation, don't take this as a criticism; I use the term "dimension" in the popular way myself), it reads fine to me. I really like one bit in particular, given you're allowing for hyperspace and realspace interaction: "The creation of a hyperlane involves the construction of a series of energy generators along the intended route. These generators continuously transmit energy through hyperspace, forcing it open and leading the development of a hyperlane." Really like this idea.

If you intend on expanding on the system further, you might find this older post of some benefit, perhaps, too.

Interaction between hyperspace and realspace is something I'm very interested in portraying. I'm considering expanding the article to describe the government's policy of offering subsidies in the form of fuel and port services to ships which take less traveled routes. The constant tearing apart of reality that occurs on routes with heavy traffic destabilizes them over time, leading to the development of hyper wakes, which prevent any sort of hyperspace travel in a large radius around them. Routes will stabilize given time as the barrier between realspace and hyperspace reforms, but it will require a heavy reduction, or in some cases the complete cessation of traffic. Artificial hyperlanes are even more sensitive to degradation as they are not supposed to exist. Therefore, the government will reward any ship which uses less traveled or longer routes. The journey may be a lot longer, but free fuel is nice, and the Aletian government will pay for your ship to be maintained.

I also want to write about how hyperspace sensors and the hypernet work. I can probably get both done up in another paragraph so that it doesn't look too out of place with what's already there.

I corrected my usage of the word dimension (I used universe instead) and fixed a few typos too. I'll take a look at the post you linked also, because it looks very interesting. There's a lot there I never considered.

by **Kyrusia** » Tue Feb 26, 2019 4:51 pm

Great Aletia wrote:
Interaction between hyperspace and realspace is something I'm very interested in portraying. I'm considering expanding the article to describe the government's policy of offering subsidies in the form of fuel and port services to ships which take less traveled routes. The constant tearing apart of reality that occurs on routes with heavy traffic destabilizes them over time, leading to the development of hyper wakes, which prevent any sort of hyperspace travel in a large radius around them. Routes will stabilize given time as the barrier between realspace and hyperspace reforms, but it will require a heavy reduction, or in some cases the complete cessation of traffic. Artificial hyperlanes are even more sensitive to degradation as they are not supposed to exist. Therefore, the government will reward any ship which uses less traveled or longer routes. The journey may be a lot longer, but free fuel is nice, and the Aletian government will pay for your ship to be maintained.

This is interesting, but my mind immediately screamed "SPACE SUBSIDIES!" and it amused me far more than it had any right to, and I do not understand why.

That said, "hyper wakes" is a very interesting idea. It's a nice way to incorporate strategic maneuvers, too, I would think; especially when accounting for general degradation of hyperlanes. Makes the infrastructure more strategically valuable, and also a potential target - in a good way for a given narrative.

by **Sskiss** » Thu Feb 28, 2019 7:33 am

Kyrusia wrote:This is interesting, but my mind immediately screamed "SPACE SUBSIDIES!" and it amused me far more than it had any right to, and I do not understand why. That said, "hyper wakes" is a very interesting idea. It's a nice way to incorporate strategic maneuvers, too, I would think; especially when accounting for general degradation of hyperlanes. Makes the infrastructure more strategically valuable, and also a potential target - in a good way for a given narrative.

All this talk reminds myself of the concept of 'space lanes' as seen in various 4x games like Endless Space 2 and Stellaris. This concept could add a strategic element to the galaxy and all therein, as some of the star systems so connected could become 'chokepoints' and thus, of great importance militarily. It's a similar concept to worm holes et al.

by **Great Aletia** » Wed Mar 13, 2019 7:11 am

Kyrusia wrote:
Great Aletia wrote:
Interaction between hyperspace and realspace is something I'm very interested in portraying. I'm considering expanding the article to describe the government's policy of offering subsidies in the form of fuel and port services to ships which take less traveled routes. The constant tearing apart of reality that occurs on routes with heavy traffic destabilizes them over time, leading to the development of hyper wakes, which prevent any sort of hyperspace travel in a large radius around them. Routes will stabilize given time as the barrier between realspace and hyperspace reforms, but it will require a heavy reduction, or in some cases the complete cessation of traffic. Artificial hyperlanes are even more sensitive to degradation as they are not supposed to exist. Therefore, the government will reward any ship which uses less traveled or longer routes. The journey may be a lot longer, but free fuel is nice, and the Aletian government will pay for your ship to be maintained.

This is interesting, but my mind immediately screamed "SPACE SUBSIDIES!" and it amused me far more than it had any right to, and I do not understand why. That said, "hyper wakes" is a very interesting idea. It's a nice way to incorporate strategic maneuvers, too, I would think; especially when accounting for general degradation of hyperlanes. Makes the infrastructure more strategically valuable, and also a potential target - in a good way for a given narrative.

The strategic element is something I've wanted to add for a while. I think playing Battlefleet Gothic II is what pushed me over the edge, as you are restricted to certain warp routes and it makes a big deal out of how dangerous warp travel is. Ships can end up far off course, or can be lost in the warp for a while, preventing you from using them until the next turn. Ships that are damaged when jumping can be destroyed outright, and sometimes ships can just disappear. The idea of space subsidies also gives me something else to write about, and the potential collapse of a hyperlane could add some interesting flavour to a RP. For one, it would raise questions as to how it would effect the economy.

Sskiss wrote:
Kyrusia wrote:This is interesting, but my mind immediately screamed "SPACE SUBSIDIES!" and it amused me far more than it had any right to, and I do not understand why. That said, "hyper wakes" is a very interesting idea. It's a nice way to incorporate strategic maneuvers, too, I would think; especially when accounting for general degradation of hyperlanes. Makes the infrastructure more strategically valuable, and also a potential target - in a good way for a given narrative.

All this talk reminds myself of the concept of 'space lanes' as seen in various 4x games like Endless Space 2 and Stellaris. This concept could add a strategic element to the galaxy and all therein, as some of the star systems so connected could become 'chokepoints' and thus, of great importance militarily. It's a similar concept to worm holes et al.

I actually have played both Endless Space and Stellaris. I really enjoy the hyperspace mechanics and when Stellaris came out first, I never used warp drives. Choke points are something I want the Aletian armed forces to rely on quite heavily for defence. It shouldn't be possible to go straight from the Imperial Frontier to the Imperial Core. There are systems in the way which must be dealt with, and fleets which must be fought, before you can even get close to the Imperial capital.

by **Kassaran** » Thu Apr 04, 2019 11:24 am

Alright folks, First Contact with an alien race, what's the protocol followed by your race and the process for conducting these events under various stimulae?

by **Lord Dominator** » Thu Apr 04, 2019 12:03 pm

Kassaran wrote:Alright folks, First Contact with an alien race, what's the protocol followed by your race and the process for conducting these events under various stimulae?

Well, for my Equestrians they'd reach out in friendship and all that, do the regular treaties, etc.

The Forklis have a vaguely meh reaction to new species, but anything new that other nations could be reasonably expected to notice the disappearance of will have the regular niceties followed, and then be subjected to intense knowledge gathering. The Forklis have never met any other species/civilization that other nations wouldn't have noticed the disappearance of ~~that you can prove~~.

by **Kyrusia** » Thu Apr 04, 2019 3:58 pm

Lord Dominator wrote:Well, for my Equestrians they'd reach out in friendship and all that, do the regular treaties, etc.

I expected more feeding bags, carrots, and apples.

by **Lord Dominator** » Thu Apr 04, 2019 4:22 pm

Kyrusia wrote:
Lord Dominator wrote:Well, for my Equestrians they'd reach out in friendship and all that, do the regular treaties, etc.

I expected more feeding bags, carrots, and apples.

Clearly that's the tribute exacted from those foolish enough to lose a war with them
nods

by **Kassaran** » Thu Apr 04, 2019 6:17 pm

I'm curious, do they have opposable thumbs and larger brain-to-body ratios? Something I always found interesting is that unless the life is truly alien and doesn't follow Earthly conventions of evolution, brain-to-body is one of the most important ratios and would be largely apparent in other intelligent life.

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