Passed General Assembly Resolutions

[Imperium Anglorum]

Greenhouse Gas Cap and Trade Program
A resolution to increase the quality of the world's environment, at the expense of industry.

Category: Environmental
Industry Affected: All Businesses - Strong
Proposed by: Ransium

Description: The World Assembly,

Convinced that the preponderance of scientific evidence shows that some 'greenhouse gases', such as carbon dioxide and methane, allow energy through a planet's atmosphere at the visible and shortwave infrared wavelengths primarily generated by stars, while reflecting energy at longwave thermal wavelengths radiated by a planet, thus creating a net warming effect for that planet's atmosphere,

Acknowledging that within some member nations, the concept of global warming due to non-natural greenhouse gas emissions remains controversial,

Concerned over the many adverse impacts scientific consensus has found sudden and excess warming due to emissions of greenhouse gasses to have directly or indirectly on ecosystems and populations, including disruption and temporal shifting of seasonal cycles at a rate faster than many organisms can adapt, more extreme natural disasters, sea level rise, ocean acidification, crop failures, and desertification,

Aware that many nations' economies are built around fossil fuels and desiring to seek a solution that is minimally disruptive while addressing this pressing problem,

Concluding that the most efficient and cheapest regulatory framework to abate greenhouse gasses is one that caps the total amount of emissions, and divides up credits for the permissible emissions among nations, while allowing the voluntary trading of emissions credits between nations,

Hereby, subject to any limits set by earlier resolutions that are still in force:

1. Charges World Assembly Scientific Programme's (WASP) Atmospheric Chemistry Establishment (ACE) to regulate emissions of greenhouse gasses in the following manner:
   
   
   1. Set a total global annual target for the non-natural release of greenhouse gasses, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, based on current global emissions, scientific climate models for the impact of the gasses, decay rate of the gasses, and the global economic impact of the cap;
      
      
   2. Distribute allowable emissions credits for each regulated greenhouse gas among member nations proportional to their total populations and present economic output, the global population, and the global cap;
      
      
   3. Establish preferred emissions levels for non-World Assembly nations also proportional to factors listed in b;
      
      
   4. Establish (i) punitive fees for emissions beyond the cap for member nations, and (ii) tariffs that all member nations shall enforce on the trade goods produced by non-member nations whose emissions exceed their preferred levels; the proceeds of both the fees and tariffs will first go to ACE's monitoring and enforcement efforts and any remaining monies will go towards grants to fund the research, development, and implementation of green energy;
      
      
   5. Establish an exchange for the voluntary trade of emissions credits open to all member nations, such that some nations may exceed their initially allotted emissions without punitive action via buying credits;
      
      
   6. Create an annual schedule of diminishing total global caps for various gasses until levels scientifically modeled to be globally sustainable are met;
      
      
   7. Monitor the net emissions of individual nations, taking into account both greenhouse gas emissions and sequestration, via voluntary disclosures and other non-invasive methods, such as remote sensing that is sensitive to the narrowband absorption features of targeted greenhouse gases;
2. Further mandates that ambassadors representing non-compliant member nations be forced to wear itchy wool sweaters during the summer, unless doing so would be a threat to their health or conflict with religious or moral beliefs;
   
   
3. Notes that individual nations will determine how to best meet their preferred target internally; and
   
   
4. Clarifies that greenhouse gas emissions through natural sources, such as volcanoes, will not be considered by ACE for the purposes of this resolution.

Co-authored by Imperium Anglorum

Votes For: 13 741 (84.1%)
Votes Against: 2 606 (15.9%)

Implemented Tue Oct 9 2018

[445 GA on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Convention On International Oil Spills"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #444
Proposed by: Lord Dominator

Description: General Assembly Resolution #444 "Convention on International Oil Spills" (Category: Environmental, Industry Affected: Mining) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The World Assembly,

Applauding the resolution at hand for its work at improving the environment,

But Concerned that clause 3 of the resolutions micro-manages member nations to a degree that may be harmful to the resolution's mission by:

• Mandating technologies that may be or are obsolete in some member nations,
• Using vague language regarding maintenance and inspections such as "every couple of years" and "regularly,"

Saddened that clause 4 also lists a number of technologies that may become or already are obsolete in member nations,

Believing that the micromanagement and excruciating specificity inherent in this resolution:

• Will leave nations unable to adapt to better technologies,
• Potentially wastes resources following mandates that aren't necessary in all nations,
• Includes strong suggestions that overstep reasonable bounds of the WA with instructions for spill clean-up that are better left to individual nations to determine properly,

Incensed at the needless re-treading of ground already covered in part by Responsible Offshore Drilling and Reducing Spills and Leaks and yet leaving regulation of reduction and clean-up of wildlife impact uselessly vague,

Bemoaning the listed flaws and occasional poor grammar usage,

Repeals GA 444 "Convention on International Oil Spills."

Votes For: 13 189 (80.7%)
Votes Against: 3 151 (19.3%)

Implemented Sat Oct 13 2018

[446 GA on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Respondeat Superior
A resolution to enact uniform standards that protect workers, consumers, and the general public.

Category: Regulation
Area of Effect: Legal Reform
Proposed by: Separatist Peoples

Description: Noting an ominous silence surrounding the topic of tort law;

Believing that tort law serves as an effective alternative to industry regulation by providing an opportunity for injured individuals to hold liable their institutional tortfeasors;

Holding that expanding the duty of business entities to the actions of their employees protects employees, allows adequate compensation to victims, promotes higher standards for safe conduct, and spreads the cost of risk equitably;

Disdainful of industry practices that allow business to use employees as shields against incentivized or overt negligence; and

Determined to prevent it;

The World Assembly hereby enacts the following:

1. A plaintiff in a noncriminal case against a single defendant may enjoin and hold liable the defendant's employer where the defendant:
   
   1. had an employer-employee relationship with the enjoined business;
      
   2. Was acting in the scope of employment at that time; and
      
   3. Was the proximate cause of the damage to the plaintiff.
2. A plaintiff who wins a judgment in such a case may enforce judgment against both the employer and employee, jointly and severally.
   
   
3. An employer may seek indemnity from an employee for costs incurred only when the employee’s actions were reckless or intentional. In situations where a cross-claim is procedurally inappropriate, member states may not hold such claims precluded until that claim is tried on its merits.
   
   
4. Member states may award non-compensatory damages in such a case only when failing to do so would be a manifest injustice.

Votes For: 8 727 (55.2%)
Votes Against: 7 070 (44.8%)

Implemented Wed Oct 24 2018

[447 GA on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Right to Self-Defense [Struck out by 449 GA]
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Mild
Proposed by: Nueva Rico

Description: Ashamed that this Assembly does not already guarantee or recognize the right of an individual to defend themselves and family from an imminent threat,

Cognizant that some governments deliberately oppose affording the right of self-protection in order to suppress the freedoms and liberties of the individuals and maintain a controlling presence on the populace,

Acknowledging that government services put in place to protect the lives of public and safety from harm - such as a police force - are not always readily available in a dire situation that may endanger the life of an individual and/or the lives of their family,

Hereby,

1. Defines “family” as someone related to an individual by blood, in marriage, in law, or of some substantial and tangible relationship,

2. Further defines “arms” as any weapons, munitions, or equipment designed to inflict bodily harm or physical damage, including, but not limited to, firearms, knives, explosives, etc.

3. Affirms the right to self-defense, of oneself and/or his or her family, and declares that nations are to permit and accept the exercise of this right as an affirmative defense in cases, so long as:

a) The threat poses a clear and immediate danger to the life of the individual or his or her family,

b) The force used in response is not excessive with regards to the threat of the situation presented,

4. Assures member states the right to attest the legality of the claim that a use of force was in self-defense, as according to the conditions established in Clause 3, in the court of law of the respective nation,

5. Clarifies that nothing in this resolution should be read to void, infringe, or adversely impact any other right to or regulation of arms affirmed by this Assembly, but prohibits any extant criminalization of an exercise of defensive force, either with any common object or unarmed, in self-protection,

Co-authored with Dirito-Opolis.

Votes For: 9 737 (55.9%)
Votes Against: 7 685 (44.1%)

Implemented Thu Nov 1 2018

[448 GA on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Right to Self-Defense"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #448
Proposed by: Imperium Anglorum

Description: General Assembly Resolution #448 "Right to Self-defense" (Category: Civil Rights, Area of Effect: Mild) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The World Assembly,

Observing that the GA 448 "Right to Self-defence" is overly broad,

Believing that persons suspected of breaking the law should not be permitted to employ self-defence measures against law enforcement officers acting within the realm of their duties, and

Concerned with such permission causing a rise in violence and a fall in the ability for law enforcement to apprehend criminals, hereby:

Repeals GA 448.

Votes For: 13 666 (77.8%)
Votes Against: 3 895 (22.2%)

Implemented Tue Nov 6 2018

[449 GA on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Don't Kill the Poor Act
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Significant
Proposed by: The Wallenburgian World Assembly Offices

Description: Celebrating a history of protecting essential sapient rights,

Recognizing historical efforts to prohibit genocide and guarantee equal rights for the citizens of member states,

Concerned that ill-intentioned governments might engage in violence against the weakest of those under its jurisdiction,

The World Assembly hereby:

1. Recognizes systematic or otherwise intentional and statistically disproportionate violence perpetrated against a group, forceful isolation of a group in designated areas, removal of a group from designated areas, or the forceful institution of population controls on a group as acts of genocide,
   
   
2. Highlights that case-by-case imprisonment of, displacement of, or use of force against individuals does not target a general group, and so does not constitute genocide,
   
   
3. Renders crimes against humanity any acts of genocide against any group on the basis of economic status or employment,
   
   
4. Requires member states to render aid to individuals escaping genocide on the basis of their economic status or employment, and to consider such persons refugees.

Votes For: 14 051 (80.8%)
Votes Against: 3 344 (19.2%)

Implemented Wed Nov 14 2018

[450 GA on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

International Aero-Space Administration
A resolution to promote funding and the development of education and the arts.

Category: Education and Creativity
Area of Effect: Educational
Proposed by: Separatist Peoples

Description: Recognizing space as the final frontier;

Admiring the spirit of exploration and curiosity that drives us to boldly go where none have gone before;

Believing international cooperation is only way to truly develop space science research, and;

Seeking to remedy the significant shortcomings of preceding attempts,

1. The World Assembly establishes the International Aero-Space Administration (IASA), and empowers it with the following mandate:
   
   
   1. To coordinate and publish public research in the field of space exploration, aerospace science and engineering, and other disciplines related to the pursuit of space science;
      
      
   2. To liaise with the WA Scientific Programme and coordinate the release of non-classified research and development within the disciplines of aerospace research and space exploration;
      
      
   3. To further liaise with the International Meteorological Organisation (IMO) on coordination and safety issues involved with terrestrial space launches;
      
      
   4. To provide on request both technical assistance and advisors for developing and building civilian space programs within member states by sharing technical, organizational, and administrative data with those programs to keep fledgling space programs safe and effective.
      
      
   5. To research and disseminate best management practices regarding space exploration and research safety;
      
      
   6. To act as an intermediary, upon request, for international cooperation on joint space programs.
2. Member states must liaise with IASA, the IMO, and parallel national authorities governing airspace in foreign territory so as to coordinate flight plans to avoid conflict, collision, or other unintended risk to other spacecraft. Where reasonably practical, member states will so liaise for all nonmilitary spacecraft launched from their suborbital space which might cross into either international or foreign national airspace or territory;
   
   
3. Member states are strongly encouraged to share their research with both other member states and IASA, for the betterment of all scientific development;
   
   
4. The World Assembly renounces any direct authority over domestic space programs or their operations, and reserves them entirely to their respective national jurisdictions.

Votes For: 13 992 (91.2%)
Votes Against: 1 357 (8.8%)

Implemented Mon Nov 26 2018

[451 GA on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "On Universal Jurisdiction"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #312
Proposed by: Imperium Anglorum

Description: General Assembly Resolution #312 "On Universal Jurisdiction" (Category: International Security, Strength: significant) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: This august World Assembly,

Concerned that the target resolution requires nations to prosecute in section 3, but that the target does not also require that nations provide prosecutors with information they may have, meaning that the target sets up a prosecutorial scheme where nations may be prosecuting persons without a full accounting of the facts,

Observing that section 7 of the target resolution “[f]orbids the World Assembly from preempting a member state’s claim to universal jurisdiction under this resolution, including but not limited to through an international criminal court or a substantially similar institution”,

Seeing that this section prohibits the Assembly from establishing an international tribunal capable of actually effecting judgement for crimes against humanity and war crimes, that is, an international court that actually does things on meaningful topics,

Believing that a lack of such a court means:

1. there are few prosecutions of war criminals and perpetrators of genocide, since (i) prosecutorial discretion exists, due to differing interpretations of section 3(c) and (ii) such criminals and perpetrators would not willingly move themselves to jurisdictions which would prosecute them and
   
   
2. victims of war crimes and other crimes against humanity are unlikely to receive justice, as even when prosecutions occur, they will likely be in friendly jurisdictions, meaning that they will be slaps on the wrist,

Expressing its discontent at this state of affairs, where criminality of the worst degree is not punished and where the international rules-based order is unable to deter or bring justice to would-be tyrants from engaging in mass murder or other heinous crimes,

Saddened at the deaths caused by the Assembly’s inability to act and the incredible injustices that the Assembly is unable to take action to right, and

Calling for the creation of a compulsory, fair, and effective international tribunal to resolve these issues, hereby:

Repeals GA 312 "“On Universal Jurisdiction"”.

Votes For: 14 849 (87.8%)
Votes Against: 2 065 (12.2%)

Implemented Fri Nov 30 2018

[452 GA on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Preventing Groundwater Contamination
A resolution to increase the quality of the world's environment, at the expense of industry.

Category: Environmental
Industry Affected: All Businesses - Mild
Proposed by: Wallenburg

Description: Celebrating past efforts to raise awareness of the importance of water resource conservation and protection, and to implement policies to reduce overuse and contamination of naturally occurring water resources,

Concerned that few of these efforts have addressed groundwater sources in any manner, even though underground aquifers provide the majority of water used and consumed in member states,

Noting that transboundary aquifers are very common, and the management and protection of their resources inherently represents an international issue,

Recognizing that nearly all member nations depend on aquifers for the purposes of agriculture, industry, and domestic consumption, and that a risk to the potability or usability of these essential water resources presents a risk to the prosperity and survival of countless inhabitants of member states,

Understanding that while many aquifers may be less prone to contamination than surface water sources, few technologies exist to resolve groundwater contamination after its effects become deleterious, and many shallow, consolidated, unconfined, or overexerted aquifers do not sufficiently benefit from the filtration effects of surrounding soils to prevent contamination,

Resolving to reduce contamination of vulnerable aquifers by saltwater and artificial pollutants, including pathogens, nitrates, phosphates, toxic and nuclear wastes, and artificial herbicides and pesticides,

The World Assembly hereby:

1. Tasks the International Bureau of Water Safety with researching and consolidating information on the size, distribution, and characteristics of groundwater resources, and issuing recommendations for the protection and conservation of these resources for reliable, long-term use,
   
   
2. Requires member states to plan future land use so that agricultural, industrial, and transportation pollutants will not present any measurable threat to the utility and potability of aquifers,
   
   
3. Mandates the implementation of regulations to protect groundwater resources near or interacting with sinkholes and cenotes on agricultural developments, including but not limited to:
   
   
   1. The growth or construction of a physical barrier around the mouth of the sinkhole or cenote, at a distance from the edge appropriate for the conditions of the sinkhole site, in order to minimize the accumulation of pollutants within the sinkhole or cenote,
      
      
   2. Diversion of all surface runoff around or away from the sinkhole or cenote,
      
      
   3. Cessation of application of fertilizers, herbicides, or pesticides in the vicinity of the sinkhole or cenote,
      
      
   4. Restriction of all activity within the enclosed area of the sinkhole or cenote to scientific and recreational activities individually reviewed by a jurisdictional authority, determined to present no measurable threat to any groundwater system, and carried out by individuals possessing permits to perform those activities,
4. Mandates protection of wildlife within all naturally occurring underground drainage systems, and recommends communication with the WA Endangered Species Committee for specific means by which to preserve the ecosystems contained within,
   
   
5. Recommends that development of urban or industrial infrastructure upon evaporite formations, especially carbonates, in cases where acidic dissolution has resulted in extensive underground drainage systems, be limited as much as possible, and requires member states to institute additional limitations on industrial and agricultural activity to further prevent contamination of these particularly vulnerable aquifers,
   
   
6. Requires all wells constructed over unconfined aquifers to undergo regular inspections for contamination of the groundwater below, and prohibits the use or disposal of potential contaminants in or nearby the opening of any such well,
   
   
7. Requires member states to limit extraction from each aquifer to a maximum of the rate at which each aquifer is projected to saturate, and urges member states to further limit extraction from aquifers bordering saltwater fronts, so that the pressure of the freshwater column is maintained at a safe depth for long-term environmental health and reliable extraction, and so that high-density saltwater does not upcone into the freshwater column.

Votes For: 13 538 (86.1%)
Votes Against: 2 183 (13.9%)

Implemented Wed Jan 9 2019

[GA 453 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Debtor Voting Rights [Struck out by GA 455]
A resolution to increase democratic freedoms.

Category: Furtherment of Democracy
Strength: Mild
Proposed by: Imperium Anglorum

Description: The World Assembly hereby bars member nations from invoking a person's debts as reason to deprive that person of the right to vote.

Votes For: 9 614 (57.9%)
Votes Against: 6 991 (42.1%)

Implemented Thu Jan 17 2019

[GA 454 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Debtor Voting Rights"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #454
Proposed by: Nagatar Karumuttu Chettiar

Description: General Assembly Resolution #454 "Debtor Voting Rights" (Category: Furtherment of Democracy, Area of Effect: Mild) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The General Assembly,

Acknowledging the efforts of GA Resolution #454 to prevent debts from inhibiting a citizen's right to vote,

Understanding though brevity is important in many cases, the extreme it was brought to in this resolution was counter productive,

Seeing numerous loopholes in the resolutions that more cruel states could employ, such as, but not limited to:

• Criminalizing outstanding debt under specific conditions to imprison the individual for the duration of the voting,
  
  
• Making outstanding debt punishable by law through a choice of forfeiture of voting rights or imprisonment,
  
  
• Passing legislation revoking the citizenship of a citizen, and thus their right to vote if they are indebted,

Understanding that the rights of those living in autocratic nations in regards to their political rights are not addressed,

Noticing the resolution does not specify on what debtors can not be stripped of the right to vote on,

Seeing that such a loosely worded clause is open to exploitation,

Believing the World Assembly Delegation of the nation which passed the legislation could write a more conclusive piece of legislation for this issue,

Hoping that member nations will create thoughtful and articulate legislation with regards to unforeseen consequences and in consideration to the variety of member states' cultural normalities on this issue,

Wishing that in the period the legislation is active its loopholes will not be exploited at the expense of the citizenry of nations across the multiverse,

Hereby repeals GA Resolution #454.

Votes For: 10 936 (68.3%)
Votes Against: 5 079 (31.7%)

Implemented Tue Jan 22 2019

[GA 455 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Freedom To Seek Medical Care II [Struck out by GA 502]
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Mild
Proposed by: New Waldensia

Description: Believing that individuals possess an inalienable right to seek medical care of their own accord and at their own expense, above and beyond that which may be provided for them by their government or by their nation's laws,‎

Understanding that medical treatment is a complex issue and requires great care, and that health-care needs can be difficult to adequately treat without the proper resources, technology, training and expertise,

Aware that some nations do not have said resources and training available in their medical facilities, and that some diseases, conditions, and disorders occur in such limited instances that some nations have little or no experience treating them,

Concerned that some nations may be harming their citizens by mandating that they be medically treated within their own borders or by restricting access to new or experimental treatments, thus denying better treatment that may be obtained elsewhere,

Observing that there may be occasions where treatment in another nation may be preferable to a patient,

Noting that a previous version of this measure passed the General Assembly by a substantial margin, demonstrating widespread support for recognizing the freedom to seek medical care,

The General Assembly hereby:

1: Prohibits member nations from denying or restricting their citizens or permanent residents from traveling to obtain medically necessary healthcare in foreign nations at their own expense, subject to any restrictions previously imposed by the General Assembly, while allowing member nations to prohibit travel to nations involved in active armed conflict with the member nation,

2: Affirms the ability of member nations to set their own policies and restrictions regarding the in-bound travel of non-residents so long as such ordinances are in accordance with previously passed General Assembly legislation, and further declares that no member nation is required by this measure to provide medical care to non-resident medical patients above any requirements previously imposed by the General Assembly,

3: Requires that member nations respect the rights of all patients and their legal representatives,

4: Prohibits member nations from taking legal action against citizens or permanent residents who seek medical treatments or operations abroad, as long as General Assembly resolutions have not been violated,

5: Declares that patients seeking medical care or treatment under this act are financially responsible for any costs not compensated by existing laws in their home nation, and that such travel and payment must be arranged by the person(s) seeking treatment, or by their legal guardians or representation,‎

6: States that member nations are not obligated to cover future medical costs for conditions that arise after and directly result from medical treatments or operations sought at private expense by the patient under this measure,

7: Notes that member nations are not prohibited from assisting in defraying the financial cost associated with citizens or permanent residents seeking medical care under this measure.

Votes For: 8 071 (50.9%)
Votes Against: 7 772 (49.1%)

Implemented Sat Jan 26 2019

[GA 456 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Defending The Rights Of Sexual And Gender Minorities
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Significant
Proposed by: Maowi

Description: HOLDING that the sexuality or gender of an individual does not make them inferior or superior to another individual of a differing sexuality or gender,

REASONING that individuals of all sexualities and genders should be granted the same civil and political rights, and

NOTING the lack of General Assembly legislation which specifically clarifies the civil and political rights of sexual and gender minorities,

The World Assembly:

A) DEFINES, for the purposes of this resolution, "civil marriage" as a legally recognised union of two or more people as partners in a personal relationship, solemnised as a civil contract with or without religious ceremony.

B) FURTHER DEFINES, for the purposes of this resolution, "marriage rights" as privileges granted to an individual solely or in part as a consequence of their civil marriage.

Hereby,

1. 1. REQUIRES all member nations which allow civil marriages between individuals of a certain sexuality or gender to allow civil marriages between individuals of all sexualities and genders, subject to previously passed extant World Assembly resolutions.
      
      
   2. ORDERS all member nations to provide the same civil marriage services for individuals of all sexualities and genders.
      
      
   3. COMPELS all member nations to grant the same marriage rights to civilly married individuals of all sexualities and genders.
      
      
   4. REQUIRES all member nations to apply legislation of the same scope and effect for the termination of civil marriages between individuals of all sexualities and genders.
2. MANDATES that every member nation must grant exactly the same rights, powers, permissions and services to individuals of all sexualities and genders, subject to exactly the same qualifying conditions. Such conditions may not include the sexuality or gender of the individual(s) concerned.
   
   
3. ORDERS all member nations to impose exactly the same sanctions or punishments on all organisations which deny any right, power, permission or service to an individual based on their sexuality or gender, as the sanctions or punishments imposed on organisations discriminating on the basis of other arbitrary, reductive criteria (such as, but not limited to, ethnicity, age and religion).
   
   
4. MANDATES that all member nations must allow each of their citizens to choose or change their own gender, and that member nations must officially recognise and accept the individual's chosen gender.
   
   
5. CLARIFIES that religious organizations and their internal discrimination do not fall under this resolution, and should be addressed by future legislation.

Votes For: 8 777 (54.3%)
Votes Against: 7 400 (45.7%)

Implemented Mon Feb 11 2019

[GA 457 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Command Responsibility
A resolution to improve world security by boosting police and military budgets.

Category: International Security
Strength: Mild
Proposed by: Separatist Peoples

Description:
Shamelessly commending the now sizable body of law intended to regulate conduct during armed conflict for the benefit of all;

Troubled that there yet exist entities that would rather ignore atrocities for their own benefit rather than act upon their moral and legal duty to prevent atrocities actively;

Appalled that there are so few protections for those subordinates ethically trapped between the duty to obey orders and the duty to obey the law; and

Avowing that commanders who permit atrocities are in such wanton dereliction of their duties as to have acquiesced to their subordinate’s heinous acts, and thus have besmirched the honor and privilege of command;

The World Assembly hereby enacts the following:

Article I. Commander Duties

1. A “commander” is an individual with either de jure authority to control the conduct of members of an armed force, be it regular military, militia, irregular, or other form of paramilitary force, or de facto control of the same.
   
   
2. Commanders have an affirmative duty to prevent or punish their subordinates for violating World Assembly law regulating conduct during armed conflict.
   
   
3. Commanders are criminally liable for:
   
   
   1. ordering any act in knowing contravention of World Assembly law regarding conduct during armed conflict, or
      
      
   2. failing to take necessary action to prevent or punish subordinate violations of World Assembly law regarding conduct during armed conflict where the commander knows or has information that allows them to conclude that their subordinates were about to or had contravened those World Assembly laws.
4. No member state may permit a commander to retain any command after a court martial determines their dereliction of the above duties, notwithstanding other criminal penalties.
   
   
5. Nothing in this article precludes member states from independently enforcing higher military conduct standards for commanders.

Article II. Subordinate Rights and Duties

1. A subordinate has an affirmative duty to refuse any order from any commander that is manifestly illegal under World Assembly law.
   
   
2. A subordinate who complies with a commander’s reasonable interpretation of an arguable question of World Assembly law regarding conduct during armed conflict is not criminally liable for contravening that law, unless there is sufficient evidence that the subordinate knew or should have known that the order was unlawful.
   
   
3. A subordinate who relies in good faith on a commander’s incorrect or misleading knowledge of a situation or other facts may raise that reliance as a partial or total defense against their contravention of World Assembly law regarding conduct during armed conflict, unless there is sufficient evidence that the subordinate knew or should have known the actual facts of the situation. Prior failures of military intelligence or situational awareness alone do not constitute sufficient evidence.
   
   
4. No member state may penalize subordinates who refuse, in good faith, to obey an order of uncertain legality under World Assembly law regulating conduct during armed conflict, even if the order is legal in hindsight. Member states will take all prudent steps to treat evidence or investigations of a subordinate's lawful refusal under this Article as privileged information, and may not include it in a subordinate's service record.

Article III. Member State Duties

1. Member states must routinely train and educate their military personnel about their rights and obligations under World Assembly law regarding military action.
   
   
2. Member states must interpret the language of this resolution liberally where necessary to effectuate the policy goals of holding commanders and soldiers accountable for their actions and disincentivizing culpability in war crimes.
   
   
3. Nothing in this resolution bars the World Assembly from defining the parameters of command responsibility for different violations of World Assembly law, provided those parameters further the goals of accountability for violation and incentives to obey international law.

Votes For: 13 019 (80.7%)
Votes Against: 3 121 (19.3%)

Implemented Mon Feb 18 2019

[GA 458 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

On Tobacco And Electronic Cigarettes
A resolution to enact uniform standards that protect workers, consumers, and the general public.

Category: Regulation
Area of Effect: Consumer Protection
Proposed by: Cosmosplosion

Description: Understanding the wide recreational usage of tobacco and other products containing nicotine;

Recognizing the addictive nature of nicotine;

Noting the exorbitant health care costs users of tobacco products incur due to the adverse health effects associated with tobacco, which in many cases, result in the death of member nation's own citizens at a young age, and further noting that in nations with government funded health care systems, the high tax-revenue cost associated with treating these health effects;

Acknowledging the popularity and lesser health risks of electronic cigarettes as an alternative to tobacco based products;

Emphasizing that the goal of this resolution is not to prevent people from purchasing tobacco and electronic cigarette products, but to establish a set of regulations on these industries and to promote the education of the risks associated with them;

The World Assembly hereby;

• Defines a "tobacco product" as a product containing tobacco plant for the intent of recreational consumption. These products include, but are not limited to, cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and hookah;
  
  
• Further defines an "electronic cigarette" as a device containing a liquid that is vaporized and inhaled, used to simulate the experience of smoking tobacco;
  
  
• Mandates that all tobacco and electronic cigarette products containing nicotine which are intended for recreational consumption must be labeled with an identifier that states, “This product contains nicotine, a chemical known to be addictive;” and must take up at least 15% of the packaging of the product. This warning should be printed in the language local to the intended marketplace;
  
  
• Requires that tobacco products must be labelled with an identifier which states, “This product is known to cause several types of cancer and other long term, serious health problems. If you are currently pregnant, consumption is known to cause birth defects;” and must take up at least 15% of the packaging of the product. This warning should be printed in the language local to the intended marketplace;
  
  
• Further requires that electronic cigarette products that contain a liquid intended to be vaporized must state, “Do not ingest. Keep out of reach of children and infants.” This warning must take up at least 15% of the packaging of the product. This warning should be printed in the language local to the intended marketplace;
  
  
• Demands that member nations educate all residents on the long term effects of tobacco use, by funding informational campaigns, targeted at both minor and adult smokers, encouraging them to quit smoking or to replace tobacco products with electronic cigarettes or related products, while also funding informational campaigns targeted at non-smokers, using pictures, detailed descriptions, and/or other forms of media to demonstrate the negative effects associated with tobacco product usage;

Furthermore,

Recommends member nations establish poison control centers, which shall provide emergency control services in the event that a tobacco or electronic cigarette product is improperly ingested;

Encourages member nations to prohibit the sale of tobacco products and electronic cigarettes to minors;

Urges member nations to prohibit advertisements for tobacco products;

Further encourages member nations to consider taking further action against tobacco use, especially among minors.

Co-authored by Akohos and Courelli

Votes For: 14 396 (82.9%)
Votes Against: 2 960 (17.1%)

Implemented Fri Feb 22 2019

[GA 459 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Astronomical Data Repository
A resolution to promote funding and the development of education and the arts.

Category: Education and Creativity
Area of Effect: Educational
Proposed by: Kranostav

Description: The World Assembly,

Intending to create a database to document unique astronomical data to advance education and astronomic studies,

Cognisant of the need to compile astronomical information while not infringing on sovereign rights of nations to maintain secrecy in military and similar affairs,

Hereby:

1. Defines ‘raw astronomical data’, hereinafter referred to as 'data', for the purposes of this proposal as raw information regarding objects within or related to space and the practice of astronomy, their features and physical attributes, or the stellar coordinates containing the aforementioned data,
   
   
2. Establishes an agency within the World Assembly Scientific Programme (WASP) named ‘Astronomic Science and Technical Research Organization’ (ASTRO) and tasks it with organization, administration, and maintenance of a database of raw astronomical data,
   
   
3. Mandates member states submit to ASTRO any relevant raw astronomical data they may possess,
   
   
   1. Contributing nations may request a temporary or total stay on data they have contributed should the donated data compromise the safety or integrity of the contributing nation,
4. Permits private entities to contribute raw astronomical data to ASTRO and retain the right to negotiate for appropriate compensation,
   
   
   1. ASTRO shall temporarily hold data contributed by private entities allowing time for the nation in which the data was collected to file an objection on the submitted data so as to prevent the release of sensitive or confidential data. Should a member nation object to the data being donated, they must provide adequate evidence for that objection, which will be kept confidential and viewed only for the purposes of the objection.
      
      
   2. Should the location in which the data was collected not lie under the jurisdiction of any currently existing nation or was recorded while in a location under the jurisdiction of a no longer existing nation, the data is exempt from the above requirement unless a currently existing nation can prove, beyond reasonable doubt, that the data is of a confidential or sensitive nature,
   
   
5. Establishes a system to accredit discoveries to their contributors should they wish, via public notation within the database and attached to the specific data itself, to properly acknowledge those who contributed to the public advancement of astronomic study,
   
   
   1. Requires users of this data to attribute the sources of the data they used, if applicable,
   
   
6. Declares that all data collected will be released by ASTRO for free

Votes For: 16 667 (94.4%)
Votes Against: 988 (5.6%)

Implemented Fri Apr 5 2019

[GA 460 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Protecting Personal Data [Struck out by GA 462]
A resolution to enact uniform standards that protect workers, consumers, and the general public.

Category: Regulation
Area of Effect: Consumer Protection
Proposed by: Marxist Germany

Description: The World Assembly,

Appalled by the lack of a resolution regarding data protection;

Recognising the individuals' right to privacy;

Believing that businesses should not be able to collect data from a customer without the explicit consent of that customer as this is clearly a violation of the right to privacy;

Noting that minors are not fully mentally mature and are not capable of taking decisions on their own without the help of their guardians;

Seeking to protect customers from exploitation by businesses;

Hereby,

1. Defines the following for the purpose of this resolution:
   
   1. A "Minor" as any sapient being under the age of majority;
   2. A "Guardian" as any legal guardian of a minor, or if none exist, the biological parent;
   3. "Personal Data" as any data that can be used to identify a sapient individual;
   4. A "User" as any sapient being who uses or has used the services of a business;
2. Prohibits:
   
   1. Businesses from storing the personal data of any minor without the explicit consent of their guardian except when the business cannot identify the user's age;
   2. Businesses from using personal data collected from any individual to cause harm or severe distress to the individual the data belongs to;
   3. Governments of member states from viewing the data of a user without the explicit prior consent from both the business holding the data and the user that the data belongs to, except when the information is needed for a criminal investigation or trial and a search warrant has been issued;
3. Mandates that:
   
   1. Businesses provide explicit information on how they will use a user's data in their terms of service;
   2. Businesses enable users to view the data that the aforementioned business holds on them unless the release of data would compromise the well-being of the user or others;
   3. Personal data processed for any purpose is not kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose unless the user consents to that explicitly and clearly;
   4. Businesses allow users to request the removal of their personal data, and act upon these requests unless there is a clear and very compelling safety or disciplinary reason to do otherwise;
4. Requires that member states make a private right of action against businesses that don't follow the boundaries established in this resolution;
   
   
5. Encourages member states to enact stricter laws to protect their citizens' privacy from businesses.

Votes For: 9 867 (60.5%)
Votes Against: 6 438 (39.5%)

Implemented Sun Apr 14 2019

[GA 461 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Protecting Personal Data"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #461
Proposed by: Imperium Anglorum

Description: General Assembly Resolution #461 "Protecting Personal Data" (Category: Regulation, Area of Effect: Mild) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: This august World Assembly,

Believing that data ought to be protected, but that the target resolution has serious flaws which impose significant harms on society,

Resolving that:

1. firms which collect personal data now have perverse incentives to not collect any data that identifies age or proxies thereof, so to fall into the exemption provided by section 2(a), and
2. minors can have legitimate reasons to have personal data stored without the explicit approval of their guardians, especially in relation to evidence of child abuse and, less seriously, in personal data associated with accounts on social networks,

Further resolving that courts not being able to require the production of information in civil cases:

1. makes it possible for people to hide information from the court, making the court rule on an unclear or biased view of the facts, and
2. harms the ability of private actors to get data that could be needed for securing injunctive relief or damages from the respondent, and

Conceding that repeal is the only option, as it is impossible to amend legislation and patch these issues, hereby:

Repeals GA 461 "Protecting Personal Data".

Votes For: 11 917 (74.8%)
Votes Against: 4 013 (25.2%)

Implemented Tue Apr 23 2019

[GA 462 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Repeal "Endangered Species Protection"
A resolution to repeal previously passed legislation.

Category: Repeal
Resolution: #66
Proposed by: Ransium

Description: General Assembly Resolution #66 "Endangered Species Protection" (Category: Environmental, Industry Affected: All Businesses - Strong) shall be struck out and rendered null and void.

Argument: The World Assembly,

Praising the spirit of General Assembly Resolution #66 "Endangered Species Protection” and convinced that multitudes of species have been saved from extinction due to it,

Striving, however, to consistently improve and reduce the ambiguity in existing World Assembly legislation,

Strongly questioning the fact that Endangered Species Protection seemingly only extends most protections to animals, as indicated by "animals", "animal species", and "hunting" being used repeatedly in the resolution, when all biological kingdoms have unique values that would be lost by extinction,

Regretting that the resolution also states that protections need not be extended to certain types of bacteria and viruses (neither of which are animals) creating ambiguity and uncertainty in enforcement as to what forms of life are covered by Endangered Species Protections,

Finding other important terms in the resolution to be used ambiguously, such as the resolution stating that species that WA Endangered Species Committee is responsible for conserving could be "exhibiting repeated numeric decline" a phrase the could pertain to both species experiencing natural population fluctuations and those approaching endangerment; and "pollution" which could be interpreted as narrowly as to mean chemical contaminants found in habitats or as broadly as to include any noise or light impacting the habitat,

While praising the resolution's prohibitions on some actions that are deleterious to endangered species, specifically further habitat loss, habitat pollution, and hunting of endangered species; also noting the resolution does not specifically prohibit other potentially harmful actions such as non-fatal harassment of endangered organisms, the introduction of harmful invasive organisms, and the intentional or accidental disruption of important species activities,

Aware that the resolution focuses on the prevention of further harm to endangered species, while only mentioning potential actions to actively increases species population numbers in the direst circumstances,

Concerned that without a clear active recovery plan, species population levels can remain low indefinitely, leaving a no-win situation of species being at continued risk for extinction and the economically deleterious impact of endangered species protections becoming long term,

Anxious that the binary regulation choice provided for in Endangered Species Protection of species either being endangered and therefore receiving full protection or being fully unprotected lacks flexibility and may create the perverse incentive to forcibly remove species from property before they are found to be endangered so as to avoid future stringent regulations,

Confident that replacement legislation which builds upon the positive legacy of Endangered Species Protection will be put in place rapidly;

Hereby repeals GAR 66: Endangered Species Protection.

Votes For: 13 539 (82.6%)
Votes Against: 2 859 (17.4%)

Implemented Tue Apr 30 2019

[GA 463 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Protection of Airspace [Struck out by GA 682]
A resolution to enact uniform standards that protect workers, consumers, and the general public.

Category: Regulation
Area of Effect: Transportation
Proposed by: East Meranopirus

Description: The World Assembly,

Recognising every nation's right to protect the sovereignty of its territory and convinced airspace is an integral part of this territory;

Aware of the importance of international air transport for trade and desiring to protect the neutrality and security of international airspace;

Noting the lack of legislation regarding sovereignty of airspace;

Fearing that

• A lack of clearly defined sovereign air space can create dangerous diplomatic situations and cause preventable war;
• A lack of clearly defined international airspace will destabilise commerce and security by allowing nations to exert undue influence in neutral territory;
• A lack of clearly defined boundaries between space and atmosphere will create dangerous tensions between space powers;

Hereby,

1. Defines for the purpose of this resolution:
   1. An "aircraft" as an object capable of flight, controlled entirely by sapient beings;
   2. "Airspace" as the portion of the atmosphere above the land or water surface and below the height where airfoil-based powered flight becomes impossible;
   3. "Territorial airspace" of a nation as airspace above the recognised land and water territories of a member nation;
   4. "International airspace" as airspace not above any nation's land or water territory;
2. Mandates that:
   1. Member nations shall have sole sovereignty over their territorial airspace with regards to the movement of aircraft, except in the case of any World Assembly regulations regarding civilian aircraft protections;
   2. All aircraft registered under International Transport Safety Committee (ITSC) regulations shall have the right to fly in international airspace;
3. Prohibits any member nation from exercising territorial control over international airspace, unless required by an existing World Assembly resolution.

Votes For: 9 737 (59.1%)
Votes Against: 6 749 (40.9%)

Implemented Sat May 4 2019

[GA 464 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Preventing Species Extinction
A resolution to increase the quality of the world's environment, at the expense of industry.

Category: Environmental
Industry Affected: All Businesses - Strong
Proposed by: Ransium

Description: The World Assembly,

Praising this august body's long and storied commitment to the protection of endangered species,

Noting that maintaining high levels of biodiversity has a multitude of financial benefits for all member nations, both indirectly, for example through water purification, flood control, maintaining clean air and atmospheric health, and preventing soil erosion; as well as directly through tourism, providing the inspiration for medicinal compounds and industrial inventions, and being sources of food and water,

In addition, firmly believing that sapient beings have a moral obligation to avoid causing the extinction of non-sapient species,

Aware that when species are lost due to extinction, the loss is permanent and irreversible,

Therefore, in addition to any existing resolutions' regulations with regards to endangered species, hereby:

1. Charges the WA Endangered Species Committee (WAESC) with:
   
   1. Documenting all known species and genetically distinct sub-species which are native to the territories of member nations;
   2. Assessing threats to the continued survival of the above species and subspecies;
   3. Creating a list of all species and subspecies threatened with extinction by non-natural causes, hereafter referred to as at-risk species, and a species by species assessment of the short-term risk of extinction;
2. Charges member nations to develop and faithfully implement WAESC-approved conservation plans to protect all at-risk species within their own jurisdiction; the plan shall:
   1. Provide protections designed to prevent the probability of at-risk species becoming extinct from increasing; depending on the risk of extinction, the protections can range from the continued monitoring of the at-species' population level, at the low end of risk, to preventing all possible actions that are likely to negatively impact the at-risk species in any manner, at the high end of risk, or any level of protection in between;
      
   2. If possible, include WAESC-supported actions that will be undertaken by the member nations such that the at-risk species can recover to the point where active protections are no longer needed, these actions might include captive breeding programs, the restoration of destroyed habitats, and/or the removal of pollution, among others;
3. Encourages member nations to seek conservation actions that allow the local populace and other people negatively impacted by these plans to become positively economically invested in species conservation, as long as these actions are consistent with conservation goals and existing WA legislation;
   
   
4. Charges member nations to work with property owners impacted by these actions to compensate them for the partial or complete loss of relevant property rights;
   
   
5. Charges member nations to periodically update conservation plans, with the approval of WAESC, based on new information, conditions, or novel findings of the best available science;
   
   
6. Notes that WAESC may determine that one or more of the following conditions apply, in which case member nations' conservation responsibilities will be partially or wholly lifted for the purposes of this resolution:
   
   1. The endangered species presents a public health risk, such as through infection or parasitism;
   2. The endangered species is outside of its native range and invasive in its present location;
   3. The clearly needed protections for the species would present a serious public health emergency;
   4. The clearly needed protections for the species would negatively impact another species also at risk for extinction;
7. Clarifies that proactive protection is not required when the risk of extinction is not caused or exacerbated by the actions of sapient species;
   
   
8. Clarifies that member nations may enact more stringent national regulations on the impacts of endangered species, at their own discretion, so long as they are compliant with all other World Assembly resolutions.

Votes For: 13 529 (89.9%)
Votes Against: 1 521 (10.1%)

Implemented Wed May 8 2019

[GA 465 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

World Assembly Justice Accord
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Strong
Proposed by: Wallenburg

Description: Recognizing the persistent issue of noncompliance with World Assembly legislation within member nations,

Also recognizing that in addressing its mandates solely to its member governments, the World Assembly effectively grants member states infinite means of evading compliance, and thereby finds itself with few powers before an anarchic body of noncompliant members, and

Concluding that, with little material force to wield against noncompliant actors, the World Assembly must resort to the moral force of a court of law free from the corrupting influences of individual member states,

Understanding that by guaranteeing the rule of law in a judicial setting, the World Assembly may safeguard the right of all inhabitants of member states to justice,

The World Assembly hereby,

1. Establishes a World Assembly Judiciary Committee, tasked with appointing officials to (a) several trial courts, each over which one judge may preside, and (b) several appellate courts, each over which three judges may preside, to consider and receive cases appealed from the trial courts,
   
   
2. Tasks the World Assembly Judiciary Committee with overseeing the conduct and judicial responsibilities of the judges and defense attorneys appointed to the several courts under its administration, and exercising full discretion in hearing cases brought before it,
   
   
3. Tasks the World Assembly Compliance Commission with speedily reporting evidence relevant to World Assembly Judiciary Committee court proceedings to both adversaries, with the approval of the World Assembly Judiciary Committee,
   
   
4. Declares that any entity within the jurisdiction of any member state may bring charges against any other entity within the jurisdiction of any member state for damages done to them which violate the terms of extant World Assembly law, to the extent that such legal action does not contradict the mandates of previously passed and henceforward standing World Assembly resolutions,
   
   
5. Grants the adversaries in a case before a court of the World Assembly Judiciary Committee all legal rights they enjoy according to the mandates of World Assembly law, and any privileges that the World Assembly Judiciary Committee finds necessary to guarantee those rights in a manner most practical and sensitive to the cultures of the adversaries,
   
   
   1. Also grants, with the prompt consent of both adversaries, the adversaries all legal rights they might enjoy in an equivalent hearing under the laws of the nation of origin of one of the adversaries,
6. Permits courts of the World Assembly Judicial Committee to try a defendant in absentia if the defendant communicates their written consent not to be present at trial, or the defendant repeatedly engages in disruptive conduct during court proceedings or positively refuses to appear at trial,
   
   
7. Allows a court of the World Assembly Judiciary Committee, upon accepting a case brought before it, to bring itself to the adversaries of the case, should one or both of them be unable to leave their member nation, and requires member states to permit the entry and exit of court officials for this purpose,
   
   
8. Declares further that member states shall fully and with all possible haste carry out the rulings of the courts of the World Assembly Judiciary Committee,
   
   
9. Requires that, should the ruling of a court of the World Assembly Judiciary Committee stipulate the incarceration of a guilty party, the member state from which the guilty party originates shall perform and maintain the incarceration of the guilty party,
   
   
   1. Directs the World Assembly Judiciary Committee to select a fully compliant and cooperative alternative member state to incarcerate the guilty party, if the member state of origin demonstrates an inability or unwillingness to carry out the full ruling of the court, and with the consent of the selected alternative member state,
      
      
   2. Authorizes the World Assembly Judiciary Committee to offer compensation to selected alternative member states as an incentive to volunteer to incarcerate those so sentenced,
10. Guarantees that no court of the World Assembly Judiciary Committee shall impose capital punishment, or any otherwise torturous punishments, upon any guilty party, nor shall it compel any member state to render such punishments upon any guilty party, nor shall the World Assembly require member states to defer to the courts of the World Assembly Judiciary Committee any legal case that the justice system of a member state has taken up, nor shall the World Assembly Judiciary Committee or its courts in any way violate previously passed and henceforward standing World Assembly resolutions.

Votes For: 11 753 (79.7%)
Votes Against: 3 001 (20.3%)

Implemented Tue Jun 11 2019

[GA 466 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Affordable Transgender Hormone Therapy
A resolution to improve worldwide human and civil rights.

Category: Civil Rights
Strength: Mild
Proposed by: Morover

Description: The World Assembly, by the advice and consent of the delegates and member nations thereof, and by the authority of the same, hereby:

Submits the following as fact:

1. Transgender and gender non-binary people are real.
   
   
2. Their experiences are not the product of "mental illness," "confusion," "disease," or anything of the sort -- rather, their understanding of their relationship to the world in the lens of gender does not correspond with their biological sex.
   
   
3. Their first-hand accounts of this understanding are real; each person is in the best position to understand and discern their own gender identity.
   
   
4. Any distress arising from this real disconnect between sex and gender is referred to as gender dysphoria -- like any mental condition, it ought to be treated.
   
   
5. Further, it ought to be treated in a manner that respects the fundamental facts: that transgender and non-binary individuals' experiences are real, and that their gender identity is not the same as their birth sex.
   
   
6. One such way to resolve the distress is through hormone therapy, and the choice to pursue or not to pursue such treatment ought to rest firmly in the hands of the individual, rather than in the hands of the state.

Defines, for the purposes of this resolution, "hormone therapy" as a medical treatment involving the use of naturally occurring hormones for the purpose of altering one's secondary sex characteristics to more accurately reflect their gender identity,

Requires all member-states to legalize hormone therapy for all consenting individuals,

Requires all member-states to have an affordable, easy-to-access way for its transgender population to access hormone therapy,

Forbids any member-state from denying a transgender person access to hormone therapy as a punishment or as part of a punishment for a crime,

Forbids any member-state from forcing an individual to undergo hormone therapy.

Co-Authored by United Massachusetts

Votes For: 10 855 (76.6%)
Votes Against: 3 309 (23.4%)

Implemented Tue Jul 16 2019

[GA 467 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Prohibit Private Prisons [Struck out by GA 470]
A resolution to reduce income inequality and increase basic welfare.

Category: Social Justice
Strength: Mild
Proposed by: Christian Democrats

Description: The General Assembly,

Persuaded that prisons should aim to reduce recidivism rates and to perform their functions at the lowest possible costs to the public that are consistent with the dignity of inmates,

Recognizing that capitalism promotes and that business enterprises pursue the acquisition of repeat customers and the maximization of profits,

Deeply concerned that capitalism, in the context of prisons, creates perverse incentives to increase recidivism rates (more repeat customers) and to increase public expenditures on prisons (greater profit maximization), contrary to legitimate penological goals and the general welfare,

1. Defines a "prison" as a prison, penitentiary, jail, jailhouse, or other correctional or detention center that holds and houses, on a permanent or long-term basis, individuals who have been convicted of crimes and are serving criminal sentences;

2. Further defines a "private prison" as a prison that is entirely owned and operated or primarily owned and operated by a nongovernmental corporation, a private individual, or any other private actor or actors;

3. Requires all member states and their political subdivisions, within two calendar years of this resolution's passage and in perpetuity thereafter, to discontinue their use of private prisons for the incarceration of individuals convicted of crimes and serving criminal sentences;

4. Recommends that member states and political subdivisions, lacking a sufficient number of public prisons, implement Section 3 of this resolution by using the power of eminent domain to transfer prisons from private hands to public ownership (i.e., nationalization);

5. Clarifies that this resolution shall not be construed to extend to home detention, private probation, supervised release, halfway houses, and other similar practices, making use of private properties or private actors, in the criminal justice system;

6. Further clarifies that this resolution shall not be construed to prohibit member states and their political subdivisions from contracting with private actors for the provision to prisons of goods and services, such as public utilities, foodstuffs, and health services, that are incidental to prison ownership and operation; and

7. Declares that member states and their political subdivisions, notwithstanding Section 3 of this resolution, may use private facilities and private actors for imprisonment on a temporary basis, but only when it is necessary for the safety, health, or welfare of prisoners -- e.g., an emergency evacuation before a hurricane requires a prison warden to relocate his prison population to a private facility that is located inland.

Votes For: 8 576 (57.3%)
Votes Against: 6 401 (42.7%)

Implemented Sun Jul 21 2019

[GA 468 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]

[Imperium Anglorum]

Reducing Food Waste
A resolution to reduce income inequality and increase basic welfare.

Category: Social Justice
Strength: Mild
Proposed by: Kenmoria

Description: The World Assembly,

Noting that many organisations that grow, prepare, sell or distribute food unnecessarily waste their product because a greater amount of stock is ordered than is sold, causing the excess food to go to waste,

Further acknowledging that retailers and wholesalers may refuse to purchase fruit and vegetables if they are considered aesthetically unpleasing, regardless of their actual quality or nutritional value,

Worried for the many negative effects of the aforementioned food wastage on WA member states and their populations, including:

1. harming the environment, due to the production of the greenhouse gas methane, the wastage of the fresh water that was used to create discarded products and the attraction of pestilence and vermin to rotting food,
2. forcing a rise in the prices of food, because of a lack of supply caused by wastage between initial production and final sale, resulting in serious negative consequences for the price of living,
3. robbing poorer citizens of member nations of the possibility to eat the perfectly edible food, safe for sapient consumption, that is thrown away unnecessarily,
4. squandering the energy used to store and distribute the discarded food, thus increasing power demand unnecessarily, and
5. wasting the labour that was used to create said food products, which could otherwise have been allocated towards goods and services that would have ultimately been used for the betterment of member nations,

Concerned over the quantities of food that unintentionally expire due to improper or incorrect stock rotation, and

Regretting that action has not been taken by this august assembly to reduce unnecessary food wastage, and thus lend assistance to both the environments and citizens of member nations who are hurt by the discarding of edible food,

Hereby,

1. Strongly encourages member nations to create local initiatives that seek to prevent the overproduction and disposal of viable and edible food, including but not limited to food banks and charities;

2. Commands member nations to inform their citizens about how to properly save and store leftovers for future consumption;

3. Obliges food producers and transporters with minimising the amount of food that, having been produced or brought, is thrown away without a compelling health or safety purpose, as far as is reasonably possible;

4. Mandates member nations to repurpose a reasonable amount of food surpluses into appropriate environmentally, socially or economically viable programs, such as: diverting food scraps to animal feed, composting inedible food to create nutrient-rich soil, or using waste oils from food for fuel conversion in order to recover lost energy in industry;

5. Orders member states to divert a reasonable proportion of their wasted food, if assuredly edible and safe for sapient consumption, to feeding those who are unable to procure food for themselves or their family, either internally or in the form of foreign aid. This may be accomplished directly or via reputable charities;

6. Extends the authority of the International Food Welfare Organisation to include:

1. researching into: the causes of food wastage, the reduction of this waste, the ways in which uneaten food can be reused, and the points at which foodstuffs become unsafe for sapient consumption,
2. publishing this data for the benefit of member nations’ governments, food producers and businesses, food charities such as foodbanks, and the general citizens of member states’ populations,
3. lending aid, in the form of donations from the World Assembly General Fund as well as research, to food charities that have proven virtuous conduct and use techniques of strong efficacy to minimise wastage and maximise reuse, and
4. likewise giving monetary aid to member nations - this shall be used only accomplish the reduction of unnecessary foodwastage, either directly or indirectly;

7. Requires all businesses in member nations to take every reasonable step to reduce the amount of safely-consumable food and drink that is discarded, and implement stock rotation techniques that minimise product expiry, if not already in use; and

8. Compels member nations to implement techniques that minimise food wastage, based on the research published by the International Food Wastage Organisation, where doing so would not be harmful to sapient health, objectively inferior to current methods, extremely expensive, or excessively difficult to accomplish in a reasonable time frame;

1. where a member state is unable to implement techniques within a reasonable time frame from the IFWO solely due to resource or technology constraints, it must implement them as soon as it is able to do so.

Coauthored by Australian rePublic and Dmitry II.

Votes For: 11 161 (85.4%)
Votes Against: 1 902 (14.6%)

Implemented Wed Aug 21 2019

[GA 469 on NS] [Official Debate Topic]