NationStates

Posted: **Sat Jan 09, 2021 3:24 pm**

FOUNDED 1857

CAPE TOWN, SUNDAY, APRIL 25, 1920

PRICE 3c

HERTZOG'S PLAN FOR IMMIGRATION

White settlers eligible
By Luca Wessel
Over a month after his election, PM Hertzog has already confirmed the formation of an extensive immigration scheme, a key concern of many voters. This programme, developed by Interior Affairs Minister Malan, is aimed towards providing new homes to white settlers fleeing uncertain or dangerous situations abroad. Those eligible, aligned with the original proposal, are mostly ethnic Germans, including settlers from the former colonies and the territories ceded to Poland but also from the Republic proper seeking to escape the uncertain situation.

This piece of legislature is a breakthrough for the National Party, as Afrikaner groups for decades have been the most powerful impediments to immigration. Much of this was due to fear of diluting their unique ethnic identity. However, cultural and political similarities between Germans and Afrikaners has ignited a close cooperation between the two groups, especially with the annexation of South-West Africa.

The most recent addition to this immigration plan, and, notably, the one that allowed for it passing the legislature, was the expansion of eligibility to all white settlers in Africa. With the Treaty of Dahomey in the League of Peace seeking to relegate these people to second-class citizens in their own home, the programme is to provide an escape route for all regardless of ethnicity, whether they be French, British, or Italian.

Although passing through the legislature, the proposal faced heavy opposition from South African Party MPs, with Smuts being one of its more vocal critics. Some called it "a shameless power grab" by the NP-Labour government. In the Cape, where the SAP outperformed expectations although faltering nationally, party leaders threatened to loosen franchise restrictions even further than planned, although this sentiment was not echoed elsewhere.

Posted: **Sat Jan 09, 2021 7:24 pm**

The Ikh Tal Patriot

Price ₮2 - 1920/04/26

Coup in Mongolia

Today in Mongolia, the Bogd Khan was overthrown by a coalition of Nationalist, Pan-Mongolist, and Communist revolutionaries calling themselves the Altan Legion. As well as the Bogd Khan and his family, Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, the notorious "Bloody Baron" of Mongolia, has been captured. The majority of his Asiatic Cavalry Division has either surrendered or fled the country, with only a few of his troops still attempting to reinstate control.
This comes just months after von Ungern-Sternberg, an anticommunist general, arrived in Mongolia while fleeing from Bolshevik forces and established a new Mongol empire. While he left the running of the country to the Bogd Khan, the Baron's secret police terrorised the Russian and Jewish communities of the region. Chinese resistance to this new regime was minimal, due mostly to the fractured state of the Chinese nation.
Hours after they seized power, the Altan Legion organized a public rally in the capital. There, their leader, calling himself Boladai Khan, announced the Khanate of Ikh Tal in a speech to the people of Mongolia. The following is a transcript of part of that speech.

"

People of Mongolia! I stand before you as Boladai Khan, leader of the Mongol people, bringer of peace to the country, uniter of the people of the steppe. For that is what I aim to do; to first unite the Mongolian people, whether they be in Tannu Tuva or China, and then to unite all the peoples of the steppe. This is the destiny of our nation, and we would be cowards to refuse such a destiny. In ages past the Mongol Empire has ruled the world; we shall emulate this in our every action, and surpass it. I, Boladai Khan, with the Altan Legion behind me, through the tenets of Nationalist Communism, will guide this nation forth. We will industrialize, urbanize, and militarize, expanding our productive capacity rapidly, and reclaim territory that is rightfully ours. By seeking stronger bonds with our comrades in the Soviet Union, we can ensure our safety from imperialist powers like Japan and "Great" Britain, and assist them in the expansion of Communism. From this day forth, and for all eternity, I proclaim the Khanate of Ikh Tal!

"

The new regime is also bidding for a seat at the League of Peace, and has sent delegates to Paris to set up a diplomatic presence. With the current climate in Asia already at a breaking point, this event may very well be the fuse to light a continent wide conflict. But much is still unknown. Will the Altan Legion be able to hold on to power? Will Legion tear itself apart over ideological conflicts? How will Japan and the Soviet Union respond to these shifts in the balance of power? All unknowns, but we will be watching the situation closely as it unfolds.

Posted: **Sun Jan 10, 2021 9:50 pm**

"The Native Opinion of South Africa."
Authorized Medium for the Publication of Government Notices addressed to Natives throughout the South African Confederation.

FOUNDED 1884

KING WILLIAM'S TOWN, MONDAY, MAY 3, 1920

PRICE 3c

NATIVE LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION

The SANNC begins literacy programme
By Luca Wessel
With the transfer of power to the National Party in the national legislature for the first time since the formation of the SAC, many in the SANNC feared an immediate restriction of native rights. Now, with the NP seeking to pass a nationwide Native Land Act and restrict native land ownership to reserves, these worries seem to be proving true. In the face of this, the organization has begun an initiative to increase the literacy rates of natives nationwide. This will be especially beneficial in the Cape, where political leaders are relaxing franchise restrictions, but also for groups in the Afrikaner provinces, where the SANNC hopes to facilitate solidarity through native-language newspapers such as this one.

For the first part of this programme, the SANNC has tasked a team of linguists with studying the Bantu languages of South Africa; more specifically, the Nguni, Sotho, and Ovambo groups. Being the three most used of the Bantu languages, the organization sees unified standards as the key to achieving equal rights. Founder John Dube, a Zulu, said language standardization "will open new frontiers in native-language education, literature, and, very importantly, inter-tribal communication."

In preparation for both this initiative and the expansion of voting rights in the Cape, the SANNC has also begun significant operations with the Xhosa communities in the province, hoping that an improvement in Xhosa voting numbers will pave the way for enfranchisement nationwide. This is especially important for Zulu and Mthwakazi peoples in Natal and Rhodesia, respectively, where de facto racialized franchises could easily return to their non-racial roots with the rolling back of restrictions.

Posted: **Mon Jan 11, 2021 2:46 am**

King Jean-Pierre addresses the nation!

2/7/1920

King Jean-Pierre, the defacto head of state and head of government of the United Kingdom of Syria and Palestine, has recently addressed the people in Damascus, Beirut, Jerusalem and Aleppo, announcing his promises for a prosperous future for the peoples of the Levant. He makes the promises of righting the wrongs placed upon them under their previously Ottoman rule, promising to offer the nation "westernization, modernization, and liberation." He promises to bring great reforms to the nation's social structure, allowing for greater deals of freedoms and liberties to be enjoyed amongst the populace, offering them the freedom to state their minds and freely. He promises to industrialize the nation and offer it a fruitful future, free of poverty, starvation and illiteracy, and he promises to respect the many peoples subject to his rule and seek compromise and accommodation for them, guaranteeing the Muslim community that there will be no reprisals dealt against them for the actions of the Muslims, promising Jewish communities their religious laws to be allowed and observed in their own communities, and maintaining protection for other religions local to the Levant. The latter of which, relieved many Muslims, Jews, and Kurds who otherwise feared persecution under the new Christian-dominated authority.

So far, King Jean-Pierre appears to be a relatively popular ruler. He is viewed by his people as a liberator, if not from Muslim Rule, from Ottoman Rule, and is generally well-liked by both people and elites alike. He's in close contact with a great many people; generals, economists, nobles, statesmen, and a great many more important people, planning, discussing, and building the future of the Levant, securing it stability, prosperity, and a future - turning to the success of Europe as an example of what they shall become. And who better to lead them down that path, than a European as their ruler?

Many Weapon Caches Seized - Multiple Militias integrated into the Royal Army!

2/11/1920

Syria-Palestine is still in a state of reorganizing. Their economy, their military, their political system are all in the process of being developed, and their country in the process of stabilizing. For a long time, it was easy to find weapon caches scattered anywhere and everywhere across the country, among the forests, hills, riversides, and even cities. Many scattered and decentralized militias remained gathered, yet inefficient and unsure of their future following the end of the war. Bunkers, trench lines, and fortifications lie scattered throughout the land, and if it weren't for how aged the abandoned equipment and positions looked, and how silent the air is, you'd almost think the war was still going on.

Today however, that ends. King Jean-Pierre had met with multiple militia leaders, and had agreed to integrate them into the ranks of the Royal Army, and immediately put them to work seizing weapon caches and recycling them into armories, into the hands of soldiers, or selling them off either to citizens, or to foreign countries willing to buy the leftovers. Trenches have been put to work being refilled, bunkers with no practical long-term use are in the process of being torn down, and fortifications are either kept, destroyed, or recycle depending upon significance. Civilian help has been enlisted by the government to begin the process of fixing some of the damaged landscaping, and in the process lay basic foundations for future infrastructural developments.

Election Results are in: Old Conservative Victory!

4/15/1920

After three months of campaigning, elections were held, and today, the election results are in.

Unsurprisingly, the Conservative Party, a majority of which being Old Conservatives, have won the majority of seats in Syria-Palestine, winning 53% of Parliament. The Conservative Party as it stands is seen as the King's Party, as many Syrian and Palestinian Nobility appear to be in open support of it, and has received a great deal of funding from the French King Jean-Pierre. Jean-Pierre as it stands is a popular ruler, and is seen as a symbol to most people of the Levant as a Liberator, either from Islamic rule, or from Turkish rule. The promises of the Conservatives are aligned largely to those of King Jean-Pierre; a Levantine nation, based on self-rule, focused on industrialization, and aiming for the creation of a nation stable enough to allow for long-term prosperity. The people of Syria-Palestine look forward to peace, prosperity, and security under the Old Conservative dominated government.

The Liberal Party took 24% of Parliament, and as it sits are the second largest party in Syria-Palestine. Amongst the many factions of the Liberal Party, the Classical Liberals have won, and vow to push to ensure liberties - both on a state level and on an individual level is maintained, and uphold the underlying philosophies of liberalism.

The Workers' Party, as divided as it is, and of the many factions among it, saw Christian Democrats sit as the prevailing order in the Workers' Party's coalition. The Christian Democrats, though biased towards Christianity, promises to respect Islamic and Jewish local laws, but will put Christian values at the forefront of all they support. They largely support the commitment to industrializing the nation, but seek to protect the majority, Christian interest.

The Solidarity Party saw Kader's Clique of Militarists and Priests take precedence over the party. The party's aims and goals are still an anomaly to international observers, but based on their rallies, mission statement and speeches, it can be assumed that they are staunchly in favor of Christian domination over the country, and seem to have a strong emphasis on Christian Levantine Nationalism. Nothing much is known about them otherwise, with conflicting reports and conflicting statements making any general understanding of them outside of that an enigma.

This leaves a lot of the independents, which largely consists of idealistic politicians, minority parties, and minority interest parties. Some radicals, many were moderates.

IN OTHER NEWS:

Pacifican Companies contracted for construction projects [FEB 2ND]
German industrial experts and trainers invited to Syria-Palestine [MAR 24]
Government Budget Underway [APR 15]
Increased Syrian & Palestinian Mercenary & Black Market Activity in Persia [MAR 20]
Infrastructure, Agriculture, and Industry Initiatives Underway [APR 17]

Posted: **Mon Jan 11, 2021 10:29 am**

4th May 1920
Manhattan, New York

PRESIDENT SPENCER SIGNS INTO LAW HISTORIC UNIVERSAL HEALTH ACT

A typical scene at the woman's ward of
Bellevue Hospital in New York City.

RELIEF flooded the nation today as President Robert W. Spencer signed into law the 'Universal Health Act', which mandates that all states must ensure that they provide healthcare free at the point of use to all residents of their state. For Virginians who enter hospital in a state different from their state of residence, they will be required to pay for the services provided to them, but can take their hospital receipt to their local government officials in their home state in order to receive a refund. The healthcare systems of each will be jointly funded by 50% federal money and 50% state money, in order to ensure that states are not overwhelmed by new costs.

Alongside the new state healthcare systems a new federal agency, the Healthcare Monitoring and Compliance Commission has been founded under the new law in order to provide oversight to the new healthcare systems and to attempt to reduce corruption at the state level of these new healthcare systems. A scoring scheme has been developed by the HMCC in order to rate and compare the state healthcare systems with a score of 1-100, in the hopes that state authorities will seek to improve their services due to the negative attention the publication of a low score would bring compared to neighbouring states.

The new law was opposed by the main opposition party to the presidency, the Whig Party, but passed in both the House and Senate anyway thanks to the majority held by the governing Progressive Party of the president in both branches, as well as with support from the French-Virginian party Modérés Acadiens and a majority of independents.

Giovanni Pizzarotti, The New York Times

Posted: **Mon Jan 11, 2021 5:54 pm**

The Swedish Daily News

May 4th, 1920
Stockholm, Sweden

Liberals and Social Democrats Secure Parliamentary Majority; Nils Edén Chosen as New Prime Minister

by Hjalmar Lötvall, Political Journalist

In the 1919 Swedish general elections, The Free-Minded National Association, also known as the Liberals, and the Social Democratic Workers' Party, also known as the Social Democrats, together won a majority of seats in the Swedish Riksdag. The new MPs have now officially been sworn into office and have chosen to select Dr. Nils Edén, a Liberal politican and former lecturer of history at Uppsala University, as the new Prime Minister of Sweden.

This comes only a few years after the 1914 Courtyard Crisis, a constitutional conflict in which King Gustav V dismissed the democratically elected Liberal PM over disagreements pertaining to defense spending and replaced him with a figurehead Conservative PM who managed government for the duration of the Great War. The new Liberal and Social Democratic government is expected to introduce a number of new measures that will further democratize the country and thus make it more difficult for the King to intervene in political affairs moving forward. It is unclear exactly what relationship the King and the new PM will have, but it is sure to be at least somewhat adversarial given the events that transpired over the past few years.

New Parliament Approves Women's Suffrage

by Leif Grönberg, Political Journalist

In a historic victory for the women's rights movement, the new government has approved a measure that assures equal voting rights for men and women. The first general election with universal suffrage will take place on 1921 between the 10th and 26th of September, in which new Members of Parliament will be elected to replace the current government. Prime Minister Nils Edén is credited as the driving force behind this change, and it is expected that more bills pertaining to civil rights and political freedoms will come in the weeks ahead as his government seeks to cement its authority against that of the King.

Opinion Piece: A Third Way

by Emanuel Ekström, Social Democratic MP

Disclaimer: This is an opinion piece and does not reflect the official stance of the Svenska Dagbladet.

Sweden once again finds herself caught in the middle of two opposing factions: the Communists to the East and the Capitalists to the West. Just as she did in the Great War, Sweden must once again pave her own path and stay neutral in the face of global factionalism or else she may meet the same fate as the Central Powers, once great nations that have been reduced to a shell of their former selves by the Quadruple Entente.

Many of my peers in the Riksdag, especially from my own party, have embraced the teachings of Karl Marx and advocate openly for communism. Almost the entirety of the Conservative Party are vocally anti-communist and will oppose any measure that even hints at supporting the common man's welfare.

The truth is that communism is a well-intentioned but deeply flawed system, and I cannot say in good conscience that the welfare of humanity was even a goal of capitalism to begin with. We must work together as a nation to find a practical, humane, and well-reasoned system: a Third Way between communism and capitalism that rejects the extremities pushed by both sides. There must be a movement: we must consult with labor leaders, workers, government officials, and businessmen in order to find a solution that works for everyone. Only then can we break free from the collective chains of the communist-capitalist dichotomy and find a system that truly works in the best interests of the people of our great nation.

Posted: **Mon Jan 11, 2021 11:36 pm**

IVAN AND SERGEI'S BIZARRE ADVENTURE
Alaskan Tendency - Part 3

Boris dodged the first punch from Ivan, and quickly countered with a kick of his own. Ivan kept his momentum though and even though the kick would strike him on the side, Boris would be pushed to the ground.

Ivan got off a punch to Boris' jaw, and then Boris gave it back. The men struggled on the ground for a moment, changing places once or twice as they rolled around in the snow, neither letting the other get up.

But Boris was the better man at this. He was older, and had got into more drunk fights outside bars than either Ivan or Sergei. It only took a moment for Boris to gain a decisive advantage and begin beating up Ivan.

Then suddenly a loud thwack reverberated through the snowy and empty street, and Ivan shoved the now unconscious body of Boris out of the way to see Sergei standing over him with the butt of his gun in the air, a small smear of blood across it - Boris blood. He'd whacked Boris when he wasn't looking.

Ivan sat up. Ponchikova hadn't moved much since the fight began. He smiled at the women, a sort of ugly smile that he didn't realize he had after the fight.

"Don't do that, you like like shit." Sergei said, offering up his canteen to Ivan.

Ivan took the canteen. "I am a, how do the Americans say it?"

"A Theodore Roosevelt.", suggested Sergei.

Ivan nodded. "Yes, I am one of those. The platonic ideal of masculinity!"

Ponchikova seemed slightly amused after the shock wore of. "You're stupid, Ivan." she said to him, holding back a laugh.

"I know.", he responded. He did that smile again.

Sergei helped him up, and the two looked down at the unconscious Okhrana agent. What was to be done next was obvious.

Ivan and Sergei had parted ways with Ponchikova on somewhat good terms. She had waved goodbye and headed back to her tent. She promised to see Ivan later though. The would see about that, but for now Ivan and Sergei had other work to do. Boris was tied to a tree in front of them, and the two stood a good walking distance from the settlement. For Boris it was more of a dragging distance, and after having some snow thrown in his face he began to be more conscious of it.

Spitting some of the white crap out of his mouth, he began to say something.

"My ass is wet."

Ivan and Sergei looked at each other, and then said at the same time;

"Yes."

Boris glared at both of them.

"Explain why.", he asked.

"We dragged you through the snow Boris." Ivan responded.

"Alright, why? Are you going to interrogate me?"

"That's the idea, yes." said Sergei.

"Alright, what do you want to know?"

"We want to know where the communications with the European governments are." said Ivan.

"Well, I don't know that."

Sergei looked to his friend. "Ivan, produce the stick."

Ivan smiled, and reached behind a bush next to him. He withdrew a long stick, and at the end of it a live rat was tied on. It was a thin and shivering creature.

"What are you going to do with that?" Boris asked. He wasn't as shocked as you might expect him to be in this situation. Having to live in Russia changes a man.

Ivan moved the stick closer to Boris' face. The rat bit the air near the man's nose.

"Oh. That's what you're going to do." Boris sounded disappointed more than scared.

"Gag him, Sergei."

Sergei gagged him.

Posted: **Tue Jan 12, 2021 9:27 am**

May 6, 1920 - Price ₮2

Ikh Tal Creates New Government, Admitted to League of Nations

The future of Ikh Tal seems firmly in the control of the Altan Legion and their leader, Boladai Khan, after the recent events in the nation. Just two days ago, in a broadcast adress to the nation, Boladai Khan announced the organization of a new civilian government, the Great Khural.
This new institution is meant to be a legislative body, responsible for handling the day to day running of the country while the Khan deals with the "bigger picture." As of now, all positions are being filled by members of the Altan Legion, each representing a major region in the nation. A new position, Premier, has been created as a second-in-command to the Khan, and as a leader of the Great Khural. Also new in the government is a cabinet, appointed by the Premier to run separate Ministries. Although these positions are far from final, the current composition of the cabinet is that of five roles; Minister of Military Affairs, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of the Economy, Minister of Education, and Minister of Social Welfare.
With the creation of this new government comes other news; the admission of Ikh Tal into the League of Nations. Seeing that the young regime has secured power, the League has decided to allow it a voice amongst the great powers of the world. This further legitimizes the rule of the Altan Legion. It is unknown to what extent Ikh Tal shall use its membership for, or what for, and we will be watching the situation closely.
As for the Bogd Khan, the former ruler of Mongolia, he has been released from custody. Officials have stated that he will remain a spiritual leader and that Buddhism will continue to be permitted within the new state.

Military Established, Headed by von Ungern-Sternberg

Alongside the new Great Khural, an Ikh Talian army has been founded. Named the Zevsegt-Ord, it is composed of the Asiatic Cavalry Division and the paramilitary forces of the Altan Legion. Recruitment has already begun, with men from around the country signing up in droves. While the force is unorganized and underequipped, drastic measures and reforms are being made in order to remedy those problems.
In an astonishing turn of events, Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg has been pardoned and made Chief of the Armed Forces, under orders from the Khan himself. He has renounced the White Army, and sworn allegiance to Ikh Tal and the Khan, renouncing the White cause. He has set about modernizing the Zevsegt-Ord. Interviews with former friends of his show that he seems to have a megalomaniacal personality, as well as an insane fascination with Aisa, particularly steppe nomad culture. He is an extremely skilled equestrian, which may have earned him the respect of the Khan.
The shape that the Zevsegt-Ord is as of yet unknown, but some educated guesses can be made. It will most likely be a cavalry based military, due to the expansive territories that it must cover, and eventually a motorized one. Seeing as the recruitable population of Ikh Tal is rather small, it too will have to be a rather small, but well trained, force. Whether or not the Soviet Union will assist in developing this new army is yet to be seen. In any case, it is likely that the Zevsegt-Ord will find themselves fighting with the Soviets in some way or another.

Government Calls for Foreign Investment, Teachers

In an official statement earlier today, the Minister of the Economy has made a call for Foreign Investment in Ikh Tal. "In particular," he said, "we are looking for industrial and agricultural investment. We see a future in which Ikh Tal is no longer an agrarian society, but an industrial one, as all the great nations are. Labour is cheap in Ikh Tal, and companies looking to open factories here would find a large number of peoples willing to work for half the price as those in developed nations.
Alongside these calls was the announcement of public education in Ikh Tal. Construction has already begun on schools throughout the nation, as well as a university in the capital. The Minister of Education has sent out a call to developed nations for teachers and professors to come and work in Ikh Tal. They would receive good wages and a pension from the Ministry of Social Welfare, as well as the experience of teaching in the Khanate.
While Ikh Tal is still a tiny nation amongst giants, the new regime is hopeful that it can change that through alliance and reform. As for military action, the Boladai Khan has this to say: "While Ikh Tal does not want to fight, we will if we must. The Mongol peoples must be united, and it is the destiny of Ikh Tal to do so." This message may very well be directed at the Chinese warlords who border the nation, in whose land many Mongols reside.

Posted: **Tue Jan 12, 2021 12:02 pm**

May 7, 1920 - Price ₮2

Ikh Tal Extradites Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg

Under the threat of war from the USSR, Boladai Khan has announced that Ikh Tal will extradite Roman von Ungern-Sternberg to the Soviet Union. the Baron, who had been appointed Chief of the Army just yesterday, was a known White Army general. Alongside this announcement is the admittance of Soviet Advisors into the government, as well as access of the Red Army to the country.
The Khan had this to say in an announcement this morning: "The Altan Legion represents two things; the restoration of the glorious Mongol Empire, and Communism. Our ties with the Soviet Union are not to be questioned, and so we must remove the Baron, a former White Army general, from our ranks. We want the USSR to know that Ikh Tal is a great ally, and we request entry into the Comintern, as an independent nation, to demonstrate this alliance."

Posted: **Tue Jan 12, 2021 12:24 pm**

THE SOVIET POSITION ON MONGOLIA

Following a resumed Red Army invasion of the country the remains of the White Baron Ungern-Sternberg's political power in Mongolia has been destroyed. The national liberation government of Mongolia, which is recognized to be a coalition of communists and national liberation movements that vary wildly in character, has been recognized as the legitimate government of Mongolia by the USSR and the national liberation party's request to join the Communist International is expected to be granted come the second congress of the organization in July. The removal of the White Baron and his subsequent extradition to the USSR has resulted in the beginnings of a withdrawal of most Red Army units from the country and the remaining units taking up the job of enforcing public order and assisting the Mongolian national liberation front's construction of a new Mongol state. It is expected that with Soviet advisors being brought into the government that the structure of the "Ikh Tal" Khanate may be similar to the Soviet Union's own structure when it is firmly established and the laws regarding it are codified. The Red Army presence in the country is expected to strengthen soviets that may already exist and promote the foundation of new soviets across Mongolia, including the organization of soviets to represent the peasantry in the country.

The Central Executive Committee of the USSR is expected to appoint an ambassador to the country in the coming weeks. The immediate acceptance of the Ikh Tal Khanate into the League of Nations by the western powers in Paris is seen as a tremendous opportunity to lobby the League by proxy to recognize and admit the USSR. The Khan has also claimed to be a communist himself, which indicates a level of communist influence in the government that was not known before the white Baron Sternberg was removed.

Posted: **Tue Jan 12, 2021 7:22 pm**

TREATY OF TRIANON

Attached is a copy of the Treaty of Trianon (s. April 7, 1920 at the Great Trianon Palace):

Parties: French Republic, United Kingdom, Kingdom of Italy, Polish Republic, Kingdom of Romania, Kingdom of Hungary.

Preamble

This Treaty will serve as the final peace settlement between the relevant Allied Powers and the defeated Kingdom of Hungary.

Article I. Territorial Questions

1) All signatories will recognize the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Italy, including the full extent of territory guaranteed to them under the Treaty of London (1915) and Treaty of Ancona (1920), limited to;
1.1) Tyrol, up to the natural dividing line of Brenner Pass.
1.2) The entire Austrian Littoral.
1.3) Northern Dalmatia, including Zadar, Šibenik and the Dalmatian islands (excluding Rab and Brač).
1.4) The districts of Vipava, Idrija and Ilirska Bistrica, within the pre-war Carniola will be ceded to Italy.
1.5) The townships of Pontebba (Pontafel) and Malborghetto Valbruna (Malborgeth-Wolfsbach) in Carinthia will be ceded to Italy.
1.6) Italy will be ceded the city of Fiume.
1.7) All signatories will respect Italian influence in Albania.

2) The borders of Hungary will be redrawn, and all signatories will recognize the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Hungary.
2.1) Hungary will retain access to the Adriatic through an area of Croatian coastline between the Austrian Littoral and Northern Dalmatia.
2.2) The remainder of Croatia (not annexed by Italy) will be attached to Hungary.
2.3) Hungary would retain areas of Slovakia that retain Hungarian linguistic populations.

3) Sub-Carpathia will be released as an independent polity known as the Rusyn Republic.

4) The Banat will be divided between Hungary, Romania and Serbia/Yugoslavia.

5) All signatories will recognize the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Romania, excluding regions of pre-war Bulgaria.
5.1) Romania will be ceded Northern Transylvania.
5.2) Romania will be ceded Bukovina and Bessarabia.
5.3) This Treaty shall have no influence or relevance to the status of the territories of pre-war Bulgaria.

6) All signatories will recognize the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Yugoslavia, comprised of Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Northern Macedonia and Kosovo.

7) All signatories will recognize the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Poland.
7.1) Zaolzie will be ceded to Poland.

8) All signatories will recognize the sovereignty and territorial integrity of German-Austria.
8.1) Austria will maintain Upper Austria and German Bohemia.

9) All signatories will recognize the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia.

Article II. Military Affairs

10) The reduced Austro-Hungarian fleet will be inherited by Hungary, with surplus vessels being redistributed among the Allies as war reparations.
10.1) Italy will receive the battleship Tegetthoff, pre-dreadnought Babenberg, 2 cruisers and 4 submarines.
10.2) Romania will receive the pre-dreadnoughts Habsburg & Árpád, 3 cruisers and 2 submarines.
10.3) Britain will receive the pre-dreadnoughts Erzherzog Friedrich & Erzherzog Ferdinand Max and 3 cruisers.
10.4) France will receive the pre-dreadnoughts Erzherzog Karl & Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand, 3 cruisers and four submarines.
10.5) Hungary will retain the dreadnought Prinz Eugen, the pre-dreadnoughts Radetzky & Zrínyi, 4 cruisers and 9 submarines.
10.6) Hungary may not acquire new naval vessels exceeding a displacement of 6,000 tons for a period of eight years.
10.7) The Hungarian fleet may not leave its home port until January 1 1921.
10.8) The Hungarian fleet is prohibited from leaving the Adriatic until January 1 1924.

11) The Adriatic is to be open to civilian and military vessels from all signatories without discrimination or harassment outside of 12 mile offshore territorial waters.

12) Signatories agree to prohibit hosting military forces of non-signatories within their territory except in times of war.

Article III. Status of the League of Nations

13) Hungary is entitled to League of Nations membership should their government wish to join the organization.
14) The League shall be the appropriate forum for arbitration should the terms of this treaty become disputed.

Published 8 April, 1920

Posted: **Fri Jan 15, 2021 10:20 pm**

Police Raids across the Kingdom of Italy

Yesterday, across Italy, the Ministry of the Interior organized and carried out massive raids on all known members of a famous fascist syndicate Filii Fortitudinis in cooperation with the Carabineri and the Polizia di Stato. This had been carried out after various reports started coming in from across the Kingdom with similar police raids in cities such as Turin, Milano, and across Siciliy. This is part of a large scale anti-fascist campaign by the current cabinet, however as of now, all members of the Filii Fortitunidis and their associates and similar organizations are now banned while other members are turning themselves in.

These raids across the kingdom have been met with resistance but how the Carabineri and their deputies stated that the resistance “has been crushed”. This includes arrests that have been made to preserve the stability in the Italian Kingdom, with so many conflicts being taking place in the world, security at home has become more important. To continue spreading the justice, the Parliament of the Italian Kingdom has agreed to give more powers to the security apparatus of Italy to better deal with those internal threats to the goverment.

Posted: **Sat Jan 16, 2021 3:34 pm**

RETRACTED

Posted: **Mon Jan 18, 2021 10:45 pm**

Debates over Economic Reforms

The Italian government has moved forward with a planned financial system revamp and has introduced a bill into the legislative House of Delegates. The bill would seek to establish a Royal National bank for the Italian Kingdom, which would be responsible for regulating the nation's monetary policy independent from the central government and yet under its supervision. Additionally to the estbalishment of the bank, the bill would begin a period of debt reorganization under the leadership of the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In this venture, the Italian Kingdom will start reognanization of its foreign debts and try to reach agreements on currently outstanding or formerly abandoned debts accumulated during the great war.

This is an important bill in the light of the current situation of increased emigration from Italy.

Posted: **Tue Jan 19, 2021 6:51 pm**

May 5th, 1920

The Phantom Army of the Rhur
The Bavarian and Bremen Soviets were official incorporated into the republic earlier this week. In a ceremony held in Munich, Liebknecht and Adenauer signed the modified articles of accession, which notably retain the Kingdom of Bavaria's ancestral right to exit the Federation if so chosen. The local media joked that this Karlsklub, the two men's cooperation, simply could not last forever. For the moment though, the starkly different ideologies of the two men, one representing the face of a new liberalism for Germany, and one representing the red tide of revolution, cooexist under the Weimar Constitution. Each Soviet has been allowed to maintain its council democracy (termed der Rätedemokratie by Liebknecht), as well as the promised protections for labor laws and worker organization within the state. Arrangements over financial institutions in the two states are still being made, and were not included in the Constitutional arrangements.

In contrast to the success seen in Munich and Bremen, the Army has had a great deal of trouble in their pacification of the Rhur Valley. Leaders from the Soviet have been in contact with envoys from both France and Weimar, and have expressed that they will cooperate with the joint occupation as long as no other forces are involved. In response to this, German commanders dispatched just 300 soldiers into the city of Dortmund to do a sweep. Shockingly, absolutely no weapons were found. Non-military police are being shifted to the region to assist with dearmament and pacification, but so far, strikes are continuing in the region peacefully.

Foreign interventions continue, Army's main goal now in Silesia
French forces also entered the Rhine to assist in the pacification of the region. Some worker action has occurred under the occupation- notably spreading to a coal plant in the Saarland, as well as many factories actively being retooled to work on civilian goods in the Rhineland. Aside from this, the occupation has proceeded peacefully. Poland also is in the process of their expedition into Silesia, where after the compromise of only sending in the occupation force to the Rhur, the Reichswehr has shifted the bulk of its forces.

After a small contingent of sailors was put down in a bloodbath in Kiel, it seems that the last supporters of the Putsch have either gone into hiding or been killed. However, the Freikorps activity across the country is becoming more frequent and violent, especially in the disputed territories. The force that was dispatched to Berlin has now been routed to Silesia in order to pacify the region, and they are joined by members of the Schwartz-Rot-Gold paramilitary, which has staunchly shown their support for the Zentrum Party and Adenauer.

Snap elections to be held later this month
With the compromise reached with the Soviets, the elections later this month will be yet another absolutely historic event, even as its only the second in the nation's history. The KPD has announced their intention to run in 'every constituency possible,' and many local newspapers are reporting that the SPD's support base is polarizing over the introduction of this radical party into the mainstream. While many of the SPD's party members are staying loyal, their voters flock either to the Center or to the Left. Though Liebknecht claims the KPD is in a powerful place to take control, Adenauer's government made a clarifying point that the Rhur Valley would not be included in the election, if they had not been admitted to the Federation by that point. This industrial region, forming a non-zero amount of the KPD's support, could be the nail-biting decider. Thankfully, though, it appears that the most radical, conservative, and militaristic elements in the nation have been quelled from government for the moment. Only time will tell what the German people will select for their own future in the midst of these turbulent times.

Posted: **Thu Jan 21, 2021 2:50 pm**

The State of the Polish Army
Concerning the Polish Soldier - how he is to be trained, instructed, and maintained in a state ready to battle

If Poland has learned anything from Prussia under the many long years of subjugation, then it is this; it is sometimes wiser for an army to be in the possession of a state, rather than the contrary. The generals of the Polish Government are not the bureaucratic fodder of most officer corps, they are leaders of men, revolutionaries. Practically all of them have lost friends and family to the persecutions of the Russians, Germans and Austrians, practically all of them have at some point been imprisoned by the very same. They have lead men in battle, and faced the fire and shrapnel of modern war, and they understand that the duress of modern war asks the extreme of any, and every soldier.

How many hundreds of men between them have they seen personally die, purely as a consequence of poor training, poor physical fitness - poor preparation for battle. They have resolved between themselves a resolution: the days of marching lines of conscript fodder to face death are over. That was the old Polish Army.

The new Polish Army will be one modeled after the state of Poland herself; young, vibrant, ambitious. Poland has between her the pieces of four armies - four experiences and perspectives of the Great War. Her officers and NCOs come from that same tradition - those who were not inherited immediately after the peace of Versailles are practically in their entirety either the original military heart of the Polish Republic, or mutinous Polish regiments of the empires, who turned their coats to fight for their young republic. Come what may, they are committed to stand behind the Republic. Throughout the army, efforts are being undertaken to rebuild the esprit du corps of new regiments, and to restore to many of the older regiments, long depleted by war, to their old pride and glory.

All men are to be thoroughly drilled and instructed in the use of increasingly standardized arms - rifles of the Mauser-type action, and in the 7.92.57 Caliber, are to be provided to all units as soon as stocks of armaments and munitions are made available, and the men to be retrained in their use. Additionally, all soldiers are required to be familiar with the Mosin Nagant patterns of rifle, and to be trained to proficiency in their use.

Physical exercise is to be taken twice daily - any officer who cannot run 5km is unfit for service. Soldiers are to be provided be hearty, nourishing food - all billeted soldiers should eat at least thrice daily, while units in the field should be provisioned at the battalion level to provide two meals per day, per soldier, for the period of five days before resupply. To this end, the many cavalry units of the Polish Army will additionally be trained to serve the purposes of providing logistical support.

The Polish Army is currently in a state of flux - in between the old world, which its component parts arose from, and not yet belonging to the new world, of the new, young Republic, yet instrumental in her formation. Like the state itself, the future of the Polish Army is uncertain. But like the state to which it has now found itself with, it's endeavours have belied one thing: the past is dead, and the future is now - and to the military theorists of the Polish Army, they have in their hands a great slab of clay with which to form an army to face the future.

Posted: **Sun Jan 24, 2021 8:51 am**

The Swedish Daily News

May 5th, 1920
Stockholm, Sweden

Sweden and Germany Strike Historic Trade Deal

by Nicolina Ceder, International Affairs Correspondent

Delegates from Sweden and Germany met in Berlin earlier this week to negotiate a new trade agreement. This comes barely a year after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, which enacted a number of economic sanctions on Germany, removed its old government from power, and nullified many of its previous diplomatic arrangements with Sweden.

Sweden shall lift all tariffs and quotas placed on German machinery, clothing, and consumer appliances.
Germany shall lift all tariffs and quotas placed on Swedish metal ores and seafood.
This trade agreement shall come into effect two weeks after its approval by the governments of both nations.

The Swedish Riksdag voted to approve this trade agreement today, with only a handful of dissenters in the legislature.

Posted: **Mon Jan 25, 2021 7:41 pm**

The Establishment of the Polish Commission for Public Health

Lining up to receive their dose, Polish youths join the new generations who thankfully will never see the ravages of disease.

It is tempting for many to focus on the most recent 'Spanish Influenza' outbreak - from Bombay to New York, it struck low farmers, clerks, bankers, ministers of parliament. Like the Plague of historical canon, it made no distinction between rich or poor. But by no means has 'Spanish Flu' been the most deadly epidemic in the history of Poland. Under the impotent administration of the Russian Empire, typhoid, cholera, measles - all were allowed to reave and ravage across the countryside. When not epidemic, they were endemic; there is not in Poland or Russia a town or village that does not to its shame host those crippled and made invalid by disease, a family that has not lost a member to the eternal foe.

Vaccination is by no means a new or revolutionary idea, but with the signing of a new Presidential Edict, President Pilsudski has formed a new department of the Government, under the Minister for Public Health, to oversee the distribution of vaccinations throughout the general population. To this end he has promised 'three pledges' - the eradication of typhoid, rabies, and cholera, which have remained at large on an endemic stage throughout the country for centuries. Cholera in particular has claimed tens of thousands of lives in the past decades alone.

The Commission will not focus solely on vaccines, but will work in tandem with both the central, and local governments, of the country to identify problematic areas of concern, such as slum housing, poor sanitation systems, and so on. In a first for Polish history, the Commission will also be responsible for the enforcement of mandatory vaccination programmes, working in cooperation with law enforcement authorities to ensure that every man, woman and child in Poland receives the vaccinations necessary to resist disease.

Posted: **Tue Jan 26, 2021 11:44 am**

Economic Minister Grabski Announces the Formation of the Bank of Poland - Introduction of the Polish Złoty

Economic Minister Władysław Grabski has a difficult task ahead of him - to build for Poland a centralized economy that can truly serve the nation and its people from three disparate economies, in the face of decades of external economic exploitation. There are three major railway gauges in Poland, five different currencies in use across the country - there are no major direct railway links between many major Polish cities, as they were all previously parts of separate countries.

However, in the spirit of Young Poland's ascendent ambitions, he has today announced the formation of a new Central Bank of Poland. The new Bank has immediately begun taking on several loans from her Entente allies, backed by Poland's reserve of gold and silver bullion (primarily seized from the defunct German Empire). The Central Bank will also act as the primary backer of the new currency, the Polish Złoty, which will replace the provisional currency, the Polish Marka, and foreign currencies still in localized circulation throughout Poland (such as the Russian Rubel, Germans Marks, Ostrubels, and the Austrian Crown). The Złoty will be backed by Poland's existing reserve of gold, and be tied to the value of the Franc, being set at the value of 2Fr in gold.

The new Bank will exist as a joint stock company, with a stock of 150,000,000 Złoty, organized into 1.5 million shares. While operating independently from the Government, the new Bank will carry out the monetary policies of the state, and a controlling 60% share will be held by the state itself, to be controlled by the office of the President, who will maintain the right to name the chairman and deputy chairman of the bank's board of trustees.

Posted: **Wed Jan 27, 2021 3:23 pm**

FOUNDED 1857

CAPE TOWN, TUESDAY, JULY 6, 1920

PRICE 3c

THE NATIVE EDUCATION ACT

New schools in the reserves
By Aitan Kotze
The Pact government has recently revealed a reform of the South African Education system with its Native Education Act. This piece of legislation is set to withdraw state funding from missionary schools and instead establish a set of educational institutions for the Native tribes of the Dominion. The curriculum will primarily focus on handcraft, planting, and Christian religion and is designed to prepare natives for the job market. Schools will be funded by taxes levied on local populations; universities will now be barred from accepting native students as they will receive adequate education from these institutions. Teaching will take place in the native tongues of the students; the Minister of Education, D.F. Malan, has recognized over twenty languages of instruction.

A new organisation for the native reserves will be conducted in conjunction with the policies laid out in the Native Education Act. Recognizing the inherent close association between language and tribal identity, reserves will be re-categorized into tribal lands to facilitate the specialized educational institutions and their funding programmes. Governance of the reserves will remain a power of Prime Minister Hertzog, serving in his capacity as the Minister of Native Affairs.

Posted: **Fri Jan 29, 2021 1:19 pm**

June 15, 1920

Strikes subside- Rhur Valley admitted to the Federation
After several syndicalist elements were expelled from the leadership of the Rhur Soviet, negotiations have made serious headway over the last weeks, culminating in its admission into the German Federation. Liebknecht was able to broker negotiations between the Soviet’s leadership and the Adenauer government which saw most of the same rights given to Bavaria and Bremen. At the news of this agreement, many of the peaceful strikes across the Rhineland and parts of the Rhur Valley subsided. However, in the heart of the Soviet, factories and mines still lay dormant, as the workers reach the month mark of striking.

Adenauer solidifies position in snap elections
The Rhur’s votes were not counted in the snap election for both houses of Parliament, causing great harm to the KPD’s performance- which was polling as high as 41% in mid-May. They were only able to secure 25% of the seats in Parliament, which Liebknecht called a “grave disappointment.”

Adenauer’s centrist party thus increased its share to 40%, with their struggling coalition partners in the SPD only garnering 15% of the seats. Undoubtedly, Reichspräsident Adenauer is being viewed as a unifier in the wake of this election, quashing the Kapp Putsch and bringing the KPD to heel in short order.

Reichswehr enters Silesia
Over 70,000 loyalist militia and Reichswehr detachments are entering the province of Silesia over the course of the next week, to finally crush the Freikorps activity in the area. They are tasked with not only securing the German state, but also garrisoning the border to assist the mass migrations of German refugees into the territory. Despite widespread violence, nearly 100,000 refugees have crossed the border from both Poland and the Czechoslovak Sudetes since the beginning of the year.

The General Staff has also issued a request to the President to ‘intervene directly in the Sudetes” and secure the German population in the area. When the proposal was introduced to the Reichstag, Liebknecht made a five-minute speech in opposition to the “imperialist expansion” across the border of another sovereign nation.

July 1, 1920

Wiederherstellung der Sudeten- Celebration from Pilsen to Reichenburg

With the blessing of the Entente, President Adenauer has granted the General Staff’s request to secure the territories of German Bohemia and the Sudetenland. Late last week, half of the occupying forces in Silesia were dispatched across the Czech border, quickly crossing the Sudetes and quelling border-guards. As the soldiers reached the villages and cities populated by their countrymen, they were welcomed by cheers. From Reichenburg to Pilsen, the German Army liberated the Sudetenlanders, Marking a true turning point for the Republic. Surely, the greatest justice to the German nation since the War.

This diplomatic breakthrough also saw the dropping of all the Versailles-imposed trade barriers by the Allied powers, securing markets for German exports as the factories of our nation shift towards consumer production. In exchange, the German Federation has agreed to shoulder the allied war debt, which he said to think of as "a temporary, feasibly managed, economic burden which will yield long term prosperity". In reply to the Conservatives in the Reichstag calling this another form of reparations, an SPD delegate pointed out that the German economy was simply better able to withstand debt than that of the Allies and this was nothing more than a 'necessary capital transaction'. The Adenauer government has at least pledged not to place the burdens of debt directly onto the German middle and working classes.

The State of the Sudetes has already been incorporated into the German Federation on a legal level, and over the course of the next few months, the annexation process will take place, with German citizens being able to claim documentation, and an official election being held next year.

Other News:
- Germany applies for observership to the AFN
- Central Bank to begin buying back high interest war bonds
- Influx of foreign capital, low interest rates drive economy up

Posted: **Sat Jan 30, 2021 12:28 pm**

Archives of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
1st Closed Meeting
18th of July 1920
1st Session
Started: 09:00
Chairman — Reisisâni Celâlettin Arif Bey
Clerks : Haydar B.
Index:
1. Statement
a. His Excellency the Prime Minister Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s statement on the status of the National Struggle, the Regular Army and the Eastern Provinces.
2. Subject of Discussion
a. The policy of the GNA Government towards the forces and elements within the Motherland that are loyal to the Sultan Mehmed VI Vahdeddin.

CHAIRMAN – I hereby open the closed meeting.

1. STATEMENT

a. His Excellency the Prime Minister Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s statement on the status of the National Struggle, the Regular Army, the Eastern Provinces.

HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRIME MINISTER – Gentlemen, welcome to the first session of the closed meetings of the Grand National Assembly. Some of you, especially if you are a deputy and not a member of the cabinet, maybe surprised to be present here. The reason you are here is that I trust you, and that I have deemed you instrumental for the success of our assembly and our cause. From now on, whenever there will be a matter of utmost importance that requires broader consultation, this group of people will be summoned for a closed session within the assembly.

Gentlemen, I would like to start my extensive report with the status of our cause. The provinces under our control have all rejected the mandates and orders of the mutilated government in Istanbul. We enjoy broad support from the Anatolian population, and any influence the “Army of the Caliphate” had is now completely rooted out. As of now, Central Anatolia, the Black Sea coast, Eastern Anatolia and Southeastern Anatolia are under our banner, and their deputies present in the assembly.

Especially in Southeastern Anatolia, we have secured the loyalty and cooperation of the Kurdish tribes, in exchange that we protect the institution of the Caliphate. In order to maintain the fragile cooperation we have built, we must tolerate this wish and the freedoms of the Kurdish figures such as Said Nursi.

We have signed the Treaty of Saint-Maurice with the French and the British, and while the Italians have refused to sign the treaty, they are following its principles alongside their fellow Allied Powers. As such, Southern Anatolian coastline, with Cilicia and Antalya, will be returned to our control, just like the Marmara region, albeit with the control of the Straits being handed over to an international commission of the Straits.

We must, first and foremost, ensure that the newly vacated regions must not fall into the hands of the Greeks. To this end, the government has authorized the Chief of Staff and the Minister of Defence Mustafa Fevzi Pasha to move our forces into these regions as the Allied Powers withdraw. He is instructed to pay close attention to the conduct of this operation as to not violate any principles agreed upon in the Treaty of Saint-Maurice.

In regards to elements of Syrian and Iraqi Muslim communities, who have been disillusioned with the Mandate regime in Iraq and the Mafia Kingdom of Syria, and the communiqués they have sent us, it is important that I disclose you the details of the said communiqués and the answer we have gave to each of them. The Syrian and Iraqi Muslims have, in some cases, called for our help in their struggles and a possible union with the Ottoman world again. We did not consider these offers to be sincere in the slightest and we have replied to both by stating that they must try to defend themselves, free themselves and join the fellowship of free nations by their own means alone. While we are sympathetic to the struggles of our brothers in faith, we cannot offer any help, and we are reminiscent of how they broke their promise to the broader Ottoman world in the Great Arab Revolt.

The only different reply we gave was to the Turkish elements in Antioch and Alexandretta, and the Turkish and Kurdish elements in Mosul and Erbil. We have told our fellow countrymen to make their presence known within the provinces of Hatay and Mosul, to strengthen their ties with our noble assembly and the Motherland. To the Kurds, we advised that they keep their tribes united despite the arbitrary border. We do not wish a war with Syria however, as such, diplomatic means must be used in the future to resolve this matter. Whatever the solution, we must have the port of Alexandretta.

I shall move onto the progress we made in building our regular army, as dictated by the second act of our assembly on the 23rd of April. The Army of the Grand National Assembly is, as of now, comprised of 43,000 soldiers. It is based on the nine army-corps that survived the Armistice of Mudros. We are still gathering new recruits from the Anatolian population and integrating the remaining irregular forces, and we expect the number of active soldiers to reach 86,000 by November. Powerful local lords and their irregular forces are being spared from integration to the regular army if they enjoy considerable local support and effectiveness in their operations. For now.

Lastly, gentlemen, I would like to talk about the liberation of our long-lost eastern provinces back to the Motherland. Kars, Ardahan and Batumi have been lost to the Russians in the war of 93 (The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878) and has been separated from us for nearly four decades. Thanks to a successful campaign earlier this year, commanded by Mirliva Kazım Karabekir Pasha, these three provinces have been liberated.

As per the Treaty of Saint-Maurice, their unity with the Motherland is recognized in exchange for safe passage for any citizens of the old Transcaucasian Federative Republic. We have also given the right to apply for citizenship for any Transcaucasian soldier who fought against our armies in the region as a gesture of goodwill and kindness. We have yet to sign a treaty with Soviet Russia to formalize the border between us.

The three provinces have sent deputies to our assembly as mentioned before, and local civilian governments have been established. Order has been restored in the region, and while there is considerable damage to buildings and the local infrastructure, some semblance of daily life has been achieved. Our priorities in the region is to make sure the port of Batumi and the Transcaucasus Railway are operational again. These two are important if we wish the fast and secure arrival of Soviet material help.

That is the end of the report, gentlemen.

2. Subject of Discussion

a. The policy of the GNA Government towards the forces and elements within the Motherland that are loyal to the Sultan Mehmed VI Vahdeddin.

CHAIRMAN – Thank you, Your Excellency the Prime Minister. We now move to the discussion session. Does anyone wish to speak first?... Minister of Foreign Affairs Bekir Sami Pasha, you have the floor.

BEKIR SAMI PASHA – Gentlemen, the topic before us is a very delicate matter. While elements loyal to the Istanbul have tried to undermine our cause countless times, and many ministers of their government should be declared traitors immediately after the conclusion of the war, we cannot openly position ourselves against the Sultanate and the Caliphate. These two institutions enjoy broad support amongst the Turkish people, and many deputies in this assembly wish to see the Sultan-Caliph freed from the foreign powers and restored to its “rightful” position of power.

Therefore, if we declare open hostility against the Padishah, we will lose considerable support and will have to face rebellions. We cannot afford any of this at this moment with our precarious position, as such we need to create a narrative that separates the Sultan from his government and puts the blame on the government. So far, this is what we have been doing and it is working. Any discussion about the future political dynamics of the state must be postponed until the end of this war.

(The Minister of Education Hamdi Suphi Pasha and the Minister of Finance Ahmet Ferit Pasha show support for the speech)

CHAIRMAN – Thank you Pasha. Anyone wishing to speak?... None. Does His Excellency the Prime Minister would like to make any further remarks?

HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRIME MINISTER – I agree with the conduct suggested by Bekir Sami Pasha. It is a sound and reasonably pragmatic way. However, we cannot be bound to it for too long. We have secured the allegiance of the Kurds and the religious by promising to protect the Caliphate. Yet the Sheik ul-Islam has issued statement after statement, declaring us heretics and enemies of the Caliphate.

The fact remains, many circles close to the Sultan and the Sultan himself wish to see our assembly wiped out if possible. We have cemented our political power and legal authority through the Treaty of Saint-Maurice, yet we must prove ourselves to the people even more by ousting the Greeks. As we do so, little by little, we need to undermine the support base and the legal authority of the Sultan. By the end of the war, the Sultan must become a politically irrelevant figurehead, lest our victory be mutilated, and our assembly declared unlawful and heretical.

Indeed, the post-war political nature of this country cannot be determined and declared publicly yet, that is why the upcoming constitution must be vague and short, but it is our duty to determine it here, in these closed sessions. Gentlemen, that is why I have gathered you here, and why this is only the first of many meetings to come. We are to rebuild a nation, create a new society in our image as we save it from the hands of the imperialists. As time goes on, the imams in the assembly will be gone, the Sheik ul-Islam be will be in the dusty pages of history books, and the Sultanate will be an empty shell. Gentlemen, we shall build a new and noble idea in this chamber: Popular Sovereignty.

(OOC: Since this is a closed session with only a handful of ministers and deputies present, the contents of this post are not public knowledge IC)

Posted: **Mon Feb 01, 2021 10:53 pm**

SOLDIER'S DAILY
The Best Source of News for the Fighting Man...

The Hunt for the Dastardly Pancho Villa Ends

The Villain Himself

One could say the northern reaches of Mexico are quite treacherous, and they wouldn't be wrong. The north has always been a hazardous waste of lifeless deserts and seemingly endless swarms of so-called "Banditos" constantly attacking. Yet the times are catching up to this little remnant of the old wild west that seemingly died decades ago. With a bunch of brave lads of fortune setting up operations in the north. Many of course looking to claim the very lucrative 2000 dollar bounty of one Pancho Villa, the infamous rebel who declared a "revolution" against the Democratic Mexican Government.

Now, dear reader, we can already hear your reaction. "Why would someone revolt against the government? It's trying to bring this great country closer to its Northern Neighbors, and bring the fortunes of America down here!" Your reaction is absolutely warranted, for this is absolute insanity on Mr. Villa's part. Especially when you take into account his little flirt with disastrous ideals such as socialism and communism! Only a villainous scoundrel could come to fight for such futile concepts. Yet he continued to fight against the unstoppable wave of progress.

Well as of July 25th, 1920 his little rebellion was put to a brutal end by a few brave young men in the northern state of Nuevo León. New Leon, if you're a self proclaimed "Gringo". Armed with the finest equipment their money could buy, they torched the villain's camp and pushed to claim that wonderful 2,000 dollar bounty. Mr. Villa was captured wounded, but alive despite his best efforts to try and weasel out across the border into Texas. Not that he'd survive long in the land of the Lone Star anyways.

The Brave Boys who brought the criminal down.

Mr. Villa is currently in custody in Mexico City, and scheduled for a meeting with President Greene himself in the coming days. A trial has not been planned as of the writing of this newsletter. President Greene has given praise to the brave men of fortune responsible for the apprehension of Mr. Villa. With the bounty being paid in full, and an all expenses paid party on the beautiful beaches of Veracruz.

Further bounties for other surviving rebel and "bandito" leaders have been posted as of the 26th. Soldier's Daily has thankfully accepted the lists from the government in order to share this crucial information with the many men of fortune within Mexico.

Outstanding Bounties...

Emilio Gonzalez ... 500 Dollars Alive
Javier Escuella ... 200 Dollars Dead or Alive
"El Diablo" ... 400 Dollars Dead Or Alive
Jesús Gonzalez ... 100 Dollars Alive
Roland Kristiansen ... 700 Dollars Dead

Looking for work? Consider signing up with the Oaxaca Security Fund. Adventure, excitement, and fresh coffee awaits! Talk to your local contractor for more details...

Posted: **Mon Feb 08, 2021 11:20 am**

August 15, 1920

Adenauer delivers a speech on unity- reorganizes nation’s provinces
Though the post war revolution tore down many of the remaining nobility in the Reich, the borders of their duchies and principalities set by the Peace at Westphalia persisted. With a total reorganization of the Federation’s states into more modern, common-sense divisions, the Adenauer government has ended that old order. In his government’s first speech to actually be delivered in the capital of Berlin, it was announced that along with the accession of the Bremen, Ruhr, Hamburg, and Bavarian Soviets to the Federation, the remaining territory would be transitioned into a series of Freistaats, each with their own Landtags to be elected by proportional vote. The Free States will have slightly less autonomy than the soviets, and changes are expected to be made to the Weimar Constitution to reflect this executive order later in the month, pending deliberation in the Reichstag.

President Adenauer additionally delivered a speech concerning the importance of unity as Germany begins to heal from its political upheaval, saying that the political compromises reached with internal factions and the international community will only go as far as the loyalty of the German people to each other and to their nation. With the last of the Freikorps in Silesia being put down, and the streams of refugees from the Eastern territories begin to stem, the focus of the Government seems to be turning to stability and industry. Adenauer talked at length about how the reintegration of Germany into the international community, and the recent deals with the Entente, would provide unprecedented economic opportunity for the German people. The labor reforms of the SPD and the Rhine Pact will ensure that this wealth goes towards the benefit of all Germans. With the political upheaval of the last three years seemingly coming to its final conclusion, the streets of cities across the nation are once again coming to life, with a new optimism driven by what some people are calling the "Roar of the 20's".

Strikes subside across the Rhur with election of regional soviet
Despite the ripples of political violence over the industrious valley, earlier this month, elections in Dortmund proceeded as planned. The joint occupation by government and French forces has run into passive resistance from locals, but as the regional soviet began to enact their first laws- officially collectivizing all of heavy industry within its borders- the majority of people have begun to return to work. Investors into the large coal and steel plants in the region, including the illustrious Krupp family, have lobbied the government for compensation, but refused an offer from the government to pay the 1918 value of their assets, before repairs were undertaken by union members and workers.

Before similar legislation is passed in Bavaria, many companies are fleeing to neighboring provinces, leading to a massive influx of capital in regions like Baden and Silesia. To abate any fears regarding capital in the Free States, the Reichstag has issued federal guarantees of property rights, and ordered the Finance Ministry to insure Pacifican investments in the North West of the country. The Adenauer government plans to continue the cooperation with workers unions in Stettin to employ the migrants to the region, and is also considering working with the Silesian Landtag to begin a federal work program there as well. The bulk of federal funding for industry is heading toward the East of the country, with the Rhur valley's regional soviet seemingly left to do what they may with the industry in the region. There is no word yet on the federal oversight of production quotas set by the soviet states- but there is expected to be a limited level of intervention, as per the compromise reached with the KPD.

Finance Ministry begins debt allocation
Reflecting the deal made for the purchase of the Sudetes with the Entente, the Central Bank has begun printing nearly ℳ500 million. They will begin buying back war bonds issued throughout the war as well, and hope to eliminate the domestic war debt by the middle of next year- replacing it with lower-interest Pacifican bonds. As such, the yearly inflation target for the Mark has been adjusted to 5%, and is expected to stay as such for the next three years as a massive amount of debt is acquired and payments begin to Britain and France. This is expected to massively increase German export levels, especially to Britain and France who cling helplessly to the gold standard. Doubtlessly- a period of post-war growth is foretasted, driven by the revitalization of German industry as the strongest on the continent. The continued food support received from the Entente and the Soviet Union is proving to be enough to feed the people, as the harvest of 1920 looks to be the most promising since the end of the war.

With bread in their stomachs, and the promise of more money in their pockets, the approval ratings of Adenauer's government has soared to nearly 60% across the nation, with the Conservative's support base almost completely falling apart. The SPD continues to splinter into its more radical and centrist factions, leaving the Zentrum party nearly unopposed in Parliament. A real chance for political opposition will come next year, with the election of the Landtags of the newly formed Free States, after migrants and Sudeten Germans are counted in the census this year.

Posted: **Tue Feb 09, 2021 12:06 pm**

Hakimiyet-i Milliye

Date: 20/08/1920

The Regular Army Moves to Vacated Territories, Kuva-yi Milliye Irregulars Intensify Attacks Against the Greeks

As per orders given by the Prime Minister of the GNA to the Chief of Staff Mustafa Fevzi Pasha, elements of the Turkish Army have been moving into the former occupation zones that are being vacated by the British, the French and the Italians. The Prime Minister has assured the Allied Nations and all interested local and foreign media agencies that the Turkish soldiers are securing the said zones with no ill intent, and that the GNA Government will uphold the Treaty of Saint-Maurice in doing so. Regions that are not yet vacated are not subject to this re-occupation by the Turkish forces. The Turkish forces that have entered the Joint Security Zone of the Internal Commission of the Straits will honour the committment of the GNA, and will cooperate with the local Allied forces for the defense of the Straits from any hostile force.

Mustafa Fevzi Pasha's report, while being read to the Assembly, has received broad support amongst the deputies. Especially the part where it read "...our haste and partial secrecy was necessary if we wished to prevent the Greek Army from seizing these vulnerable territories. I am more than happy to announce to this august assembly that we have managed to carry out this mission. Our noble red flag, adorned with the sacred star and crescent, flies over Cilicia, Antalya, Bursa, Kocaeli (Nicomedia) and many more, never to be taken down again..." was greeted with immense cheers and joyful cries.

Following the report, the Prime Minister updated the Assembly regarding the last remaining front of the war. With the re-occupation of Antalya and Allied enclaves in the Black Sea Region, a continuous zone of control has been established from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. This zone will no doubt be the site of the new frontline, the last front to bleed for. The forces in this front will be mostly those of the new Regular Army, and the command of the front will be given to Mustafa Isment Pasha. Cities like Kütahya, Eskişehir and Afyon will be turned into strong-holds of a new defensive line. As remarked by Ismet Pasha "...Observig that the Greeks are, for the time being, more numerous than us, we must dig in and wait them to attack first". It's not believed that the Greeks will violate the Joint Security Zone of the Internal Commission of the Straits, as such, defensive measures will not be taken in Bursa, but some generals are pressing for the government to contact the Allied Powers on the issue.

In order to cover these deployments and preparations, all remaining Kuva-yi Milliye irregulars are ordered to launch raids and attacks against Greek positions and supply points. It is hoped that this will pin the Greek forces down and prevent them from exploiting the current situation, but also harrass them enough to give hope to the local Turkish population to rise in revolt. The success of these raids are relative, but the main objective is seemingly achieved, the Greek Army is pinned down. The GNA Government expects that a coherent frontline will be established by the end of the month at the latest.

During these attacks, one irregular commander has made a name for himself. Çerkez Ethem ("Ethem the Circassian"), the commander of a Circassian-Abkhaz force by the name "Kuva-yi Seyyare", has shown incredible skill and success in his attacks, capturing supplies and taking many Greek officers prisoner. Exempted from the obligation to join the regular army, his irregular cavalry force has wreaked havoc across Western Anatolia, punishing the Greek invaders and winning minor victories against them. While many acknowledge and praise his achievements, many more question his methods. His irregulars take supplies from the population forcefully, and deliver "justice" indepedently from the new courts established by the Grand National Assembly and the laws it has passed. Consequentially, many deputies are calling for integrating his forces into the regular army, but as any observer can tell, as long as he maintains the success in his operations, he will be effectively untouchable.

Constitution Approved by the Assembly

The Constitution ("Teşkilat-ı Esasiye Kanunu"), ordered to be prepared and then be presented to the deputies of the Grand National Assembly, was voted on. Accepted unanimously, the Constitution of 1920 adds another layer to the legal basis to the Turkish War of Independence and shows the unity rising from hopeful patriotism and national desperation.

A humble constitution with only 23 articles, it is nevertheless nothing less than revolutionary in nature. In sheer contrast to every single legal document written within the six hundred years of Ottoman existence, the Constitution proclaims that sovereignty stems not from the Sultan, God, or any other arbitrary figure, but from the people. More than two hundred years after the sparkle that was the Enlightenment, the idea of popular sovereignty has now entered the Turkish political life, without any compromise or disguise. The actually regime of the state is conveniently left out, to be determined after the war.

The text of the first nine articles may be translated as follows:

Article 1: Sovereignty is vested in the nation without condition. The governmental system is based on the principle of self-determination and government by the people.

Article 2: Executive power and legislative responsibility is exercised by and concentrated in the hands of the Grand National Assembly which is the sole and real representative of the nation.

Article 3: The Turkish State is governed by the Grand National Assembly (Büyük Millet Meclisi) and its government is entitled 'the Government of Grand National Assembly' (Büyük Millet Meclisi Hükûmeti).

Article 4: The Grand National Assembly is composed of members who are elected by the people of the provinces.

Article 5: Elections to the Grand National Assembly are held every two years. The duration of membership is limited to two years but re-election of a member is possible. The former assembly remains in office until the new assembly convenes. When holding a new election seems to be impossible the legislative period can be extended by only one year. Each member of the Grand National Assembly is not only a representative of the province by which he is elected but of the whole nation.

Article 6: The General Assembly of the Grand National Assembly convenes of its own accord on the first day of November.

Article 7: The basic rights of the application of the ordinances of the sacred law; the promulgation, amendment, and abrogation of all laws; the concluding of treaties and peace; the promulgation of the defence of the fatherland (i.e., the declaration of war) belong to the Grand National Assembly. The preparation of laws and regulations will be guided by juridical and religious provisions, which best conform to the modus operandi of the people and the needs of the times, as well as established customs. The functions and responsibilities of the Council of Ministers shall be fixed by a special law.

Article 8: The government of the Grand National Assembly exercises the executive function through ministers who are elected according to its special law. The Grand National Assembly directs the ministers on executive affairs and changes them when necessary.

Article 9: The Head of the Grand National Assembly who is elected by the General Assembly is the Head of the Grand National Assembly for one electoral period. With this status, he is entitled to sign on behalf of the Assembly and to approve the decisions of the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers elects one member from among its number as the head of the Council of Ministers. However, the Head of the Grand National Assembly is the natural head of the Council of Ministers.

(OOC: I am not a constitutional expert, this is directly copied from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_C ... f_1921#41;

NationStates

The Democritus Gazette (approved participants only)

May 6, 1920

May 7, 1920

5/7/1920

Polski Pravda #8

Polski Pravda #9

Polski Pravda #9