The Democritus Gazette (approved participants only)

[Orostan]

10th CONGRESS OF THE RUSSIAN COMMUNIST PARTY HELD, LENIN'S ILLNESS WORSENS
September 4th, 1921

Delayed by the war with Poland, the Bolshevik party was unable to have its 10th congress that was scheduled for march of this year. The conclusion of this congress has concluded many important ideological questions of the party including the implementation of the 'New Economic Policy", the role of trade unions, and the issue of factionalism in the party. The "Group of Democratic Centralism" and "Worker's Opposition" for the most part were soundly defeated on issues of government and economic policy. The ideological debate that began in the ninth congress about the role of trade unions has been concluded with a decision that the trade unions should act as "schools of communism" rather than be militarized and integrated into the state as Trotsky was suggesting. Trotsky's behavior in the Russian civil war was also criticized. After the disaster in Ukraine near the end of the war Trotsky continued to maintain that the USSR should "fight the war with Poland to a victory" regardless of the cost. His position was needless to say unpopular and he was basically ignored during the peace negotiations. Though he remains popular with military officers even they have criticized his conduct during the war.

Trotsky's loss on these political issues has been compounded by Stalin's appointment to the newly made position of "General Secretary". Lenin also backed a ban on factionalism in the party that dissolved the "Group of Democratic Centralism" and "Worker's Opposition" in the spirit of maintaining a functional party democracy. Criticism remains necessary, but should be submitted without any delay in factional discussions on how to use that criticism for maximum political benefit. So far even though the Group of Democratic Centralism has some sympathy with senior communists both groups have gone along with the rule and dissolved. The direct tax on grain and raw materials will also be replaced with a monetary tax as the Soviet economy stabilizes. After the congress, Lenin was advised by the Central Committee to take a leave of one month in Gorki away from the stress of government to recover from his increasingly bad bouts of illness.

[Nowa Polonie]

Rosa and the Marshal
A Warsaw Cafe



The city was alive with light in early September, and the soundscape dominated by the laughter of thousands - the city was alive as a generation of youth exchanged rifles for cocktails as peace returned to Poland, though the officer's dress uniform was a familiar sight, and across the city thousands of smartly dressed young men relished in the excesses and vices of civilized society they had long been deprived of in the trenches. It was almost an almost entirely inappropriate setting to meet the President in, but Luxemburg clearly understood that Pilsudski had chosen it quite deliberately, and it was hard to feel any kind of negative emotions amidst the atmosphere of festivity.

Rosa's own company, which included her husband and several party colleagues would arrive at the cafe, apparently early. and several minutes would be lost to small talk over cups of coffee. The President's entourage would arrive - a rogue's gallery of officers, among them rising stars of the army like General Rommel and Sikorski, as well as older staff officers, and several of the ministers of the government, a true dissection of Poland's current government. Their arrival affected the atmosphere like a charge being set off, and immediately the cafe would seem charged with a new dynamism, though Pilsudski himself stood apart from it - while he surrounded himself with the young and the bold, the 'Old Marshal' had a quiet dignity, and joined the table to speak to the leader of the Polish Socialist Party quietly, even as his young charges would loudly order fresh drinks, or leave the table to pursue the affections of some of the fairer members of the cafe's staff. Admist the scene, the titan of Polish politics making small talk with the greatest woman in the modern Socialist movement.

Eventually, when given the opportunity for a few quiet words, the point of this meeting would become more apparent - Pilsudski intended to run as a non-partisan candidate for the Presidency, however he intended to do so with a viable coalition. The Bloc of National Minorities and the National Workers' Party had already agreed, and negotiations were already ongoing with the Left-PSL. If the PSP were to participate, with Luxemburg being in the position of the Vice-Presidency, it would likely give a Pilsudski-lead coalition government a comfortable majority in the Sejm, and lock Dmowski's right-wing Endecja out of a potential electoral coup. It was a convincing argument - Luxemburg was under no illusions that Pilsudski, come what may, would almost certainly secure a total victory for the office of President democratically, such was the degree of his influence and power in Polish politcs. What was clear however, was that he understood the threat Dmowski and his 'Christian Democrats' posed - a state dominated by Poles and the Catholic Church. A strong house, but a cold house for those many millions who lived in it who were noutside of the dominant Polish Catholic majority. A majority that would carry them to electoral victory if it were put in a position where it could form a ruling coalition before Dmowski, should they be able to convince the peasant parties and the Right-PSL.

Luxemburg made her decision, and agreed to the President's plan, which for now would remain merely an open secret of Polish politics, to be officially announced later, but between Pilsudski, Luxemburg and Gruenbaum, it was clear that a new camarilla was forming in Polish politics - one dominated less and less by the colonels and officers of the army, focused on the military demands of a military state, and more so by the intellectuals and statemen of the drawing-room, drafting policies and legislative proposals for what would be Poland's first round of truly free elections. A stage onto which Pilsudski would appear with typically military degrees of preperation and planning, to cut through to victory.

[The East African Commonwealth]

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Afrika Daily - September 3rd, 1921

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

State of the Southern Border

While in the last year the Kutan Administration has remained largely quiet after the 1920 re-election, it appears the government is once again reasserting itself beyond the borders of the Commonwealth. In the last year the government has begun to shift toward addressing the refugee crisis across the nation and to its credit it has made some headway in ensuring the refugees receive aid in finding jobs, housing, and paperwork for their residence within the Commonwealth. However, thousands are still in slums and nowhere is this seen more then along the Southern Border. The EAC had been seeing a large number of refugees fleeing across the Zambezi River for the past decade as the South African Confederation became more and more critical of the ethnic populations. However, following the start of armed patrols of the river by South African forces these border crossings have dropped substantially. Unfortunately, there has been an increased amount of crossing across Zimbabwe in numbers that the Commonwealth was not prepared for. These land routes remain patrolled for the moment and as such many have fled South Africa and have swamped region. The Kingdom of Zimbabwe has declared a state of emergency as citizens that were once part of its empire prior to European colonization seek to return to it.

In his first address to the international community in nearly a year, the Rais has made a public statement directed toward South Africa in regards for this developing crisis:

The Commonwealth has always prided itself on being a welcoming nation to all those seeking a fresh start, especially to our brothers and sisters across the continent. Due to this, we have been dealing with the issue of a refugee crisis ever since the end of the Great War nearly three years ago. While we have been able to take control of the flow of refugees and see to their needs in many parts of the nation, the growing tide of people across our Southern Border is beginning to turn into a humanitarian crisis. The Kingdom of Zimbabwe, an EAC member state, is facing the single largest tide of refugees we have seen since the war and this is due to the harsh policies of the South African government's new laws targeting the movement of native Africans. Due to this, I am requesting a dialogue with the leaders of South Africa to allow for the restorations of freedoms to the native peoples of this region. I am also requesting that a third party nation act as an intermediary and to host the talks to ensure that this discussion is civil and fair. I hope that with the help of the international community that this issue is solved with haste and fairness.

Shifting Politics Within the EAC

Today, the flag of the newly established Samburu Republic was raised in Kauro as the EAC member nation finished its transition from a tribal state to a republic. While this was a cause for celebration for many, for others it has been a grim reminder that the days of the tribe's having a voice in the politics of the Commonwealth may be coming to an end. In June of 1920, the Kamba Tribe, one of the most influential tribes within the Commonwealth began its transition into a republic. This transition was completed a year later due to intervention from many other tribes attempting to slow or stop the change of leadership. On May 4th, 1921 the Republic of Kamba was officially declared, ending the influence of the tribes in the region. Since then, the Kipsigis, Maasai, and most recently the Samburu tribes have all transitioned from tribal chiefdoms to republics. This has caused the tribal bloc within the Commonwealth to begin to falter as many citizens within their nations have begun to attribute the federal government as a more stable alternative to the present system. However, this is not true for all tribes, the Oromo, Luba, and Tippu tribes have all announced a merging of their three tribes into a tribal confederation as a way to preserve their power and ensure that the tribes of the Commonwealth still have a voice. This confederation, if formed, will become the fourth largest state within the EAC by population and be the third largest by size. However, with many tribes across the Serengeti beginning to weigh their options many fear that the move may be too little too late.

New Destroyers Launched

Today, the Navy officially began to launch the first wave of modern ships from the Toliara shipyards in Merina. Three destroyers rolled down the spillways to the EAC's naval anthem and a cheering crowd along the shore. The three new ships are part of the brand new Toliara class which is an improved variant of the Ngoni class with design influences from the German B-97 which the EAC recvied following the end of the Great War. The ships are faster, have better fire control, and have a greater range compared to their predecessors. They also carry the first wireless systems within the fleet, allowing for better coordination of the new class during combat. The three ships remain unnamed as the destroyers of the navy are normally named after tribes, but with the current state of the tribes within the EAC the navy has withheld from assigning formal designation to these ships until after sea trials. These three ships are a sign of things to come as two cruisers are set to launch in October followed by the completion of an experimental ship meant to launch aircraft in December. The increase in naval production has also led to a boom in the maritime industry of Merina as its shipyards have seen an increase in production of merchant vessels thanks to government subsidies making the local economy thrive.

Air Service Suspension Removed

Following a substantial overhaul of safety standards, intensive crew training, and the construction of two large hanger bays for maintenance operations in Kampala, the African Air Service took flight once more over Lake Victoria. The lackluster start of the AAS led to many calling for its disbandment, with the two airships of the fleet nearly lost or damaged multiple times within the first three months of operations. In response to this the AAS received a complete overhaul and has been placed under the oversight of the Navy for both management and funding purposes. The airship Mombosa left the hanger early this morning to regain public trust and began to conduct scouting missions along the border with the Belgian Congo. This mission is described to be as routine by the AAS and they have installed a wireless system within the airship to allow for constant communication with the ground. Additionally, a reporter from Africa Daily has been brought aboard to see the results of the overhaul of the AAS as a way of both proving the airship concept to the public and securing funding for additional air assets. Time will tell if this new vehicle will change the future or fall from grace once again, possibly for the last time.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

| Aid Fleet Returns to EAC | Coastal Railway Project Nearing Completion | Oil Production in Sudan Begins |
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

[Ikh Tal]

---

September 9, 1921 - Price ₮2

---

---

Fan Yaonan Stages Coup, Xinjiang Descends Into Chaos

---

Governor Yang Zengxin of Xinjiang has lately been facing organizing among the peasantry and protests against his agricultural policies by the "Revolutionary Front of Xinjiang" which has roots in the 1911 revolution in China and has developed connections to the country's new Communist Party. On September 7th Yang's second in command Fan Yaonan launched a coup Ürümqi against Yang with the support of several landowners in what was believed to be a response to Yang entertaining discussions about land reform with RFX representatives. Yang's Uighur troops rushed to his defense and fighting broke out on the streets of Ürümqi. The RFX seeing the state troops on the streets were unaware of a coup and instead believed they were about to be massacred and launched their own insurrection around the same time as the first fighting broke out. RFX militias were able to secure large sections of Xinjiang's countryside as Fan and Yang fought over Ürümqi. Yang was killed by Fan's men late into the night on the 8th of September and Fan himself was injured in the fighting. At the time, however, Fan's quick retreat into a hospital and bad condition after an artillery shell exploded near him caused people to believe that he had actually been killed. As a result, several groups of Fan's men defected to the RFX after his second in command tried to take over the fight. It only became apparent that Fan had not been killed after the RFX took control of the hospital he was held in and subsequently hung him for crimes against the people.
With both sides' leaders having died, the RFX was suddenly left as the most organized group in Xinjiang and has control over Ürümqi. The Mongolian Khanate has deployed an infantry division and two cavalry divisions (both only just back from the war with Poland) to enter Xinjiang to establish order and so far has recognized the RFX as the legitimate government of Xinjiang. The Khan said to a reporter from the state newspaper "Patriot" and another reporter from the USSR's "Pravda" that "Xinjiang has historically been the territory of Mongol nomads and was until the Qing dynasty exterminated the Mongolian Dzungar people. The people that exist there now have their roots in the Dzungar people and the tribes that inhabited the area and are one people with the Mongols. It is of the utmost importance that we support our comrades in Xinjiang and on the steppe in their fight against imperialism."
The Khan himself rode with the first cavalry division to leave for Xinjiang. His associates have taken over his duties in the Communist Party of Mongolia and the Ikh Tal Soviet. His wife though holds significant power and is acting Regent in accordance with the Mongolian Khanate's customs. The unilateral action by the Khan, taken without consulting with Moscow first, has rubbed figures including Lenin the wrong way. Despite that Lenin has firmly placed his support behind the RFX and Chinese Communists in general who "represent the only principled anti-imperialists in China today along with the left-nationalists." Trotsky has given enthusiastic support for Mongolia's actions forever and has praised the Khan as a "man of history". The Russian "Pravda" believes Moscow will be in close contact with the Khan's government as the situation develops in Xinjiang.

[Nowa Polonie]

Riot in Krakow - Army Opens Fire on Demonstrators



Elements of the Polish Army standing by a junction entering the Kazimierz District of the city, traditionally referred to as the 'Jewish Quarter', directly South of the city's Old Market Square, September 14th 1921

The nation of Poland has witnessed scenes of carnage in its second city and traditional capital, Krakow, as elements of the army posted there opened fire on protesting members of the right-wing Endecja movement.

The cause of the chaos arose when in response to speculation of a broad left-coalition government being formed by President Pilsudski, the Endecja movement organized demonstrations in Krakow for the 14th of September, protesting against an 'anti-Polish conspiracy' within the central government - demonstrations which were promptly banned by the government. In spite of the ban, several thousand demonstrators began to conglomerate in the Old Market Square of the city. Local authorities, who had expected the demonstration to take place regardless, had already been in place, and for a time the demonstration, despite what was described as an 'atmosphere of intimidation and aggression present among the crowd, progressed without issue. Local authorities took this time however in order to relay messages asking for further support from the nearby 8th Uhlans, stationed near the city.

After nearly two hours, during which demonstrators listened to several speakers, sang nationalistic songs, and chanted anti-Socialist, anti-Semitic and anti-German slogans, among other things, the demonstration began to break off. Tensions began to rise immediately, as demonstrators ignored orders from local Police to direct the demonstration West, to disperse peaceably in fields around Półwsie Zwierzynieckie, instead heading South, towards the Kazimierz district - the city's traditional Jewish Quarter, in what was immediately regarded by the Police as a provocation. In anticipation that the demonstration would refuse to be diverted by local authorities, elements of the Army had taken key positions throughout the time the demonstration had remained in the Market Square, securing a 'ring' of positions around the demonstration, in all but every direction besides the one demonstrators had originally been ordered to disperse in.

In the face of a thin line of local police, reinforced by the presence of army soldiers, refusing the crowd permission to travel through the Kazimierz district, the demonstration initially halted, though as the swell of bodies in the street began to increase, the crowd's aggression towards authorities followed the same trend - authorities began to come under missile fire from the crowd, which was sustained for several minutes before one police officer was seriously injured by a blow to the head. In spontaneous retaliation, soldiers present fired a volley into the crowd, laying low two dozen, while several hundred more were wounded by non-lethal bullet wounds, or in the resulting rush of the crowd, in which several people were trampled underfoot. The crowd rapidly began to disperse, while several hundred demonstrators were arrested, and over the next two days a curfew was enforced to preempt any further disorder.

The immediate reaction throughout Poland has been mixed - many within the Government,and the local military and police who were involved, have stated that while any use of extrajudicial lethal force is a failure of the authorities to uphold the law, they were not aided in this task by demonstrators who ignored the initial ban, ignored the instructions of local authorities on the day, and who then proceeded to assault both police and soldiers. This has widely been accepted by supporters of the government, the Polish left-wing, as well as the national minorities (including several statements issued by eminent Krakow rabbis, who issued an official letter of thanks to those involved on behalf of the authorities, signed by many prominent members of Krakow's local Jewish community). The Endecja movement, and their leader Adam Dmowski, have reacted with outrage, however, and there are talks of a general strike - though with no support from the PSP, there is little chance of this having any major national repercussions for the Polish government, though local economic disruption would likely be pronounced in areas where Endecja has its greatest support (namely their traditional political heartland in Greater Poland). President Pilsudski has attempted to sooth tensions by issuing an amnesty for most of those arrested immediately after the demonstration (though several identified as key agitators will still face charges).

While a single riot that ended in deadly violence will not destroy the Polish Republic, it has indicated a worrying fact; the right-wing of Polish politics is increasingly becoming both vocally and violently dissatisfied with the seemingly progressive, pluralistic direction that Poland's government seems intent to pursue, and while there are some within the moderate ranks of the Endecja movement who have taken a conciliatory tone, noting the merits in the government's position on events, there are many more within the movement who are becoming isolated from wider Polish politics - and consequently the most radical sections of the party have become both more radical, and increasingly influential within the movement. While a split within the movement would undoubtedly see the Endecja hemorrhage support, most likely to the benefit of the center-right PSL-'Piast', which has made steady progress in attracting urban support outside of its traditional agrarian base, it would also see the remaining members of the Endecja movement composed of its most anti-semitic, its most aggressively advocates of Catholic social supremacy, and those most vocally in support of an openly Polish chauvinist state. Some even worry that Dmowski - who is increasingly being viewed as an 'old-hat' leader, who while politically influential, is increasingly becoming sidelined by the sheer personality power of President Pilsudski - might see himself foisted in leadership, in favour of an even more radical figure.

[Nowa Polonie]

President Pilsudski Names Dr. Janusz Korcszak as Minister for Education and Child Welfare



A Generation Raised in War - virtually every child, from all social classes and circumstances, has experienced a life defined by the hitherto modern conflicts, stretching over seven years - Doctor Korczak, one of Poland's pre-eminent pedagogists and childs' rights advocates, has stated before in his belief in 'a child's right to experience childhood within a safe and loving environment, and in the crucial need to facilitate personal growth of children - a right that for seven years of conflict, and for the many years before, has been denied.



An often overlooked and fundamental part of what makes a country a 'good' country (if such a thing can exist), then it is surely that its children are happy, well educated; that the social scourges of illiteracy, child hunger, and child poverty, are destroyed. For many years Poland has failed to claim to be such a country. Orphans of the war number in the tens of thousands - child homelessness, particularly in the East, is a very obvious occurrence. Approximately a third of the population suffer from illiteracy, almost all of them concentrated in the East of the country. If there was ever a chance a rehabilitation of the national policy in the East to win the peace in the wake of Polands prior military efforts, and to begin to implement the foundation for her national policy in the affairs of education and child welfare into the future, it is now. To that end President Pilsudski has announced a significant post-war 'national effort' to rehabilitate the Polish national policy towards education and social welfare directed towards the national youth, to be directed largely under the hand of Dr. Janusz Korczak - one of Poland's most noted figures in the fields of pedagogy and education.

The Minister, with the support of the President, will oversee a national effort to build 2,000 new schools, 440 new orphanages and ''at least'' (according to the President) 300 new universities, colleges of agriculture, polytechnical colleges... et. al throughout the country by 1925. While President Pilsduski has so far set aside a temporary budget for the new project, he has released the 1922 budget - which notably cuts back military spending from nearly 40% to 22%, with the deficit being set aside for education and new social welfare projects. Further, President Pilsduski has indicated that an effort to court additional financial support for these projects by expanding Poland's network of international credit. Alongside this ambitious infrastructural project, Minister Korczak has announced a reform in the national policy on the organization of schools and orphanages to create a national education policy that reflected Poland's 'Republican' values. While schools will now be re-organized so that alongside a core curriculum covering essential literacy skills, the STEM subjects, and an ambitious new national effort to encourage bilingualism (Covering Polish, Ukrainian, Belarussian, Yiddish, and French). To accommodate an additional curriculum organized entirely by students, which will then be accommodated by the national budget, school days will be expanded, beginning from 8 am, and ending at 6 pm - educators must encourage and help to create an atmosphere that reflects the ideals of a 'republic of children', and educators both old new will be held to new moral standards of ethical practice - both in education and across wider society, Pilsudski has brought forward a proposal to the Sejm to consider all instances of physical violence towards children as criminal acts.

The announcement has been hailed by Pilsudski's new partners in the PSP and the Bloc of National Minorities, whose swollen support light of recent gains, and an influx of further Belarussian, Ukrainian and Jewish refugees arriving from the Soviet Union have buoyed them easily into a natural position as the third force in Polish politics. Adam Dmowski has been silent on the issue entirely - indeed, many within the 'National Democratic' camp on the right-most of Polish politics appeared to have withdrawn from national politics entirely - only the center-right PSL-'Piast' stand in the Sejm as a right-wing party of any force. Instead, they have retreated largely to the world of the drinking hall, street rallies and clandestine gatherings - they are bitterly angry, and they all bicker and argue among themselves, all over one issue - ''What must be done?'' - they ask. To them, ''The Marshal'' has hi-jacked the Republic, their Republic, and something had to be done.

[Anxiety Cafe]

---

 FOUNDED 1857

CAPE TOWN, MONDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1921

PRICE 3c 

---

 

PM HERTZOG AND THE EAC


Opinions on recent comments from the foreign leader
By Max Brenner

A public statement released by the office of PM Hertzog addressing the EAC's Rais Katun is a sharp departure from the previous administration's policies in such matters. While former PM Smuts often appeared apathetic and unconcerned with the EAC, PM Hertzog has refused to be used as a punching bag by the neighboring state's politicians. This most recent statement comes shortly after the Rais's criticism of the SAC's "harsh policies" and call for "the restoration of freedoms" for the natives.

In return, PM Hertzog has called for the EAC to cease its interference in the internal affairs of South Africa. "The honorable Rais," he said, "is not an administrator of this country, and has no power to make demands upon those who are." Others were not so restrained in their rebuttals. Minister Malan, for example, implied that the Rais, if he continues such calls, should be tried in an international court for attempting to incite violence. Meanwhile, Minister Havenga showed interest in supporting an investigation into a potential connection between the EAC and "several black terrorist movements."
 

 

THE CAPE'S WATER


Steenbras Dam operational
By Harry Schwarz

Cape Town, like many of South Africa's great cities, faces frequent droughts that are only expected to increase in severity as population and demand grows rapidly. For years, engineers across the nation have been studying and planning water supply schemes that involve taking advantage of the rugged topography that almost entirely encompasses it. The Steenbras Dam, which was first proposed in 1916, is one of the first manifestations of those plans.

Located on the Steenbras River in the Hottentots-Holland Mountains, the dam will help supply the city's population through a pipeline connection to the Molteno Reservoir on the iconic Table Mountain, which is already the main storage for the city's water supply system. The 8 meter high wall will impound almost 30.000 cubic meters of water for the city, and is estimated to be able to support it's continued growth for at least the next ten years.

South Africa's two other big water projects (the Bulawayo Pipeline that will use water from the Zambezi and the Vaal River Barrage that will supply the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging area) are still in the planning and early construction phases.
 

 

NATAL'S RAIL


One step closer to electrification
By Harry Schwarz

With the beginning of construction on the Colenso Power Station in the Natal Midlands, South Africa is closer than ever to getting it's first electrified rail line. The Johannesburg-Durban rail line is one of South Africa's busiest, connecting mineral rich areas of the Witwatersrand and Natal to it's biggest port. As a result, Parliament has a vested interest in increasing efficiency of the line, and commissioned an electrification project to this end.

The section between Glencoe and Pietermaritzburg is set to be the first electrified in a few years, thanks to ongoing infrastructure modifications and the construction of the Colenso Power plant. This thermal plant will use coal from the nearby coalfields to supply electricity to the rail, and through it, the SAC will be able to improve its mineral exports to overseas nations. Parliament's focus on rail doesn't end there; thanks to steep gradients in much of the nation, electrified rail is cost-efficient and beneficial for many lines.
 

[The East African Commonwealth]

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Afrika Daily - October 14th, 1921

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Kingdom of Zimbabwe Mobilizes

Following the statement by PM Hertzog of South Africa, the Kingdom of Zimbabwe has moved 10,000 troops of its Royal Army to the EAC-SAC Border along the Zambezi River. This move is unprecedented in the history of the Commonwealth as no member state has ever stationed troops along national borders without prior approval from the federal government. King Gamba of Zimbabwe made the decision to move his troops to the border early yesterday and stated the following:

....while I hold great respect for Rais Kutan and my fellow member states, this is a problem that is uniquely Zimbabwean. Unlike the other member states of the EAC, part of out nation lies within the borders of a foreign nation, seized during European Imperialism, and while my people and I have been content to let grievances lie the actions of the South African government has caused many to change their view on this. Family which live on different sides of the border have now been forcefully separated after years of free travel. Citizens of the SAC who are ethnically Zimbabwean find themselves having fewer rights then the Afrikaners in government. As the king of this ethnic group, I cannot simply turn a blind eye and ignore the rights being stripped from my people. These troops that have been deployed to the border are there to prevent the illegal crossing of our border by the South African Army to seize refugees and have been supplemented by an additional 20,000 troops which are being deployed in the refugee camps to help our breathern build a new life for themselves within our kingdom. I urge Rais Kutan to take further action then simply requesting a meeting with the South African Government.

This action set forward an emergency meeting of the government in Afrika City. Rais Kutan himself has not commented on the matter itself, but was reportedly seen walking toward the assembly building enraged. Further, in addition to this mobilization, many other border nation are observing this situation and the government's response to it and could possibly consider mobilizing their own forces as well.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

| EAC Recognizes the USSR | AAS Reports that Successful Mission | Great Rift Valley Sees Helium Sales Double |
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

[The East African Commonwealth]

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Afrika Daily - October 16th, 1921

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Kutan Administration Responds to Border Crisis

In light of the recent escalation of the crisis on the border due to the deployment of the Royal Army, the Kutan Administration has made the following announcement:

.....due to the unwillingness of South Africa to cooperate with the EAC and the southern member nations of the Commonwealth unwilling to accept the status quo, the EAC Federal Government in accordance with the Commonwealth Charter has opted to annul the Zambezi Water Accords of 1905 and revoke South African access to the right of fresh water access from that source. In addition, the EAC will be placing an embargo on buying South African diamonds, gold, and iron. The Commonwealth government feel that both of these action, while harsh, are justified due to the state of native affairs within South Africa. The Kutan Administration wishes to express that it is more then willing to negotiate to reverse these decisions, but South Africa must be willing to discuss the issue that is the border crisis.

This marks the first time the EAC has actively issued an embargo and threatened the water supply of Africa. While many are for the embargo, citizens are concerned over the use of water a diplomatic leverage and fear that using it in this way could draw Europe's eye. Regardless, all eyes are on South Africa to see what comes of this situation.

Tribes Form Federation

Following the transition of multiple different tribal nations to republican states, the largest tribes within the EAC have come together into a formal political alliance known as the African Tribes Alliance (ATA). This new 'nation' is compromised of the Oromo, Luba, and Tippu tribes in Central Africa and has become one of the most influential entities within the EAC practically overnight. The populations, resources, and political capital from the three tribes united has once again invigorated the beleaguered Tribes Party in the government. The leader of this new member state, High Chief Toso, stated that he and his fellow chiefs have the goals of preserving their land, supporting tribal interests, and standing against the idea of centralizing the Commonwealth which have all been overlooked in recent years. The formation of the ATA has caused many of the tribes within central Africa to begin taking sides. Some have opted to try to join the ATA and have sent in applications to the Alliance as they feel that individual tribes are too small to have an effective voice within the government nor have an economic base the has enough influence to determine policy. While currently, the balance of power has been restored, many fear that should the ATA could flip the situation around a remove the growing power of the republics. The Kingdoms, Sultanates, and Republics are currently unsure of their next move as the balance of power once again shifts within the EAC.

Air Service Success, Media Praises Airships

A month after its initial launch from its hanger in Kampala, the CZ-1 Mombasa has returned back to the shore of Lake Victoria. The 34 day border patrol mission was declared a success by in commanding officer, Captain N'tol, after both mapping and photographing the EAC's border with the Belgian Congo. This marks the first accident free mission for the AAS and the first long term deployment of a Commonwealth Airship. Our correspondent from the Afrika Daily has shared his own personal experience with us about his time in the sky aboard the ship:

...unlike the maiden voyage of the Mombasa and her sister the Nairobi, which were marked by the chaos of a crew always moving to and fro frantically operating an unknown craft, our voyage in the skies above the Congo was almost placid. Crew members onboard would conduct their daily routine in a calm manner with a clear know how of operations in a timely manner, a stark difference from their fellow airmen on the same ship nearly a year ago. The ship's helm and navigation were also handled excellently and with precision, allowing the survey teams to have an accurate layout of the ground below them. We only had one issue being a storm we ran into toward the middle of the mission. After the first two missions of the AAS, I was terrified that we would be stuck on the rooftop of some poor Congan farmer, but to my pleasant surprise there were no issues short of some creaking and rolling as if we were inside one of the Navy's warships. If this is an indicator of where the Air Service intends to go moving forward, then I must say they have made quite the impression on me.

While much of the public, military, and government are still skeptical of the use of these craft no one can deny that this mission's success has allowed the AAS to fly another day. The CZ-2 Nairobi is slated to set sail next week for a second mapping mission, this time to conduct an aerial survey of the Great Rift Valley and the Mombasa will be setting sail again after a week of maintenance work for a third mapping mission along the border of Sudan.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

| Navy Launches Two New Cruisers | Republics Hold Meetings Over ATA | AAS Success Bolsters Rift Valley Helium Sales |
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

[Lusophone]

---

‘Lusophone Act’ takes effect

---

Passed by the National Assembly on 1 Outubro, the ‘Lusophone Act’ came into full effect today alongside the passage of the new constitution. The statute comes after the Government’s commissioned study concluded how to increase its control and lessen the costs of the administration of Portuguese colonies. The act permanently changes how each of Portugal’s territories will be governed and how trade will be conducted.

The status of “colonies” have now been abandoned in favor of “overseas provinces,” with each colony’s governors general to be replaced with a provincial governor. Some political speculators see the Lusophone Act as the government’s way to curb the influence of the British and British companies on Angola and Mozambique’s administration and politics in particular.

Centralizing the administration of overseas territories and providing greater financial control of territories’ finances, the National Front heralds the act as a way to bridge indigenous and Metropolitan Portuguese peoples together.

---

Triumvirate plagued by infighting

---

An unnamed official within Belem Palace claims that Colonel Timoteo Renaldo once again had to intervene between the Triumvirate to quell their non-stop infighting in order to keep all three men in government.

Ever since Prime Minister Antonio Salazar joined the government, reports between him, Finance Minister Mai and Defense Minister Semedo having a difficult time getting along have not been rare. The more conservative Prime Minister Salazar is not supportive of the financial positions and policies advocated by the Minister of Finance; while the Minister of Defense’s continued support of the Finance Minister has resulted in the Prime Minister threatening to resign on several occasions.

Prime Minister Salazar came into the fray in light of the completion of the arrests of revolutionaries and dissidents considered as the government’s most adamant enemies, despite being unorganized. The arrests cleared the Frente Nacional a way for political stability and opposition it deemed as the root of the constant threat the government came under.

Aware that broader political participation was the only way to prevent renewed radical opposition to the Frente Nacional’s plans, Renaldo wooed conservatives and Catholic supporters. Salazar was considered the foremost leading figure among the demographic and was regarded by several publications as “one of the most powerful minds of the new generation.”

At first uninterested in joining the government, Renaldo was able to win over Salazar by promising to task him with the creation of the “New State,” something Salazar had been passionate about from the rhetoric and ideas he espoused in the “Academic Center for Christian Democracy” to which he belonged to.

Salazar joined the government as Prime Minister on 25 September, joining Admiral João Semedo, the Minister of Defense and Pedro Magalhães Mai, the Minister of Finance. Together, the three form a triumvirate, sharing power as senior ministers overseeing the rest of the cabinet and government.

Coming into office in the wake of General Gomes da Costa’s untimely death, Colonel Timoteo Renaldo’s recognition of Portugal’s delicate economic situation brought about by growing fiscal deficits, hyperinflation and massive capital flight, led to his appointment of Pedro Magalhães Mai as Minister of Finance. Renaldo also appointed Admiral João Semedo as Minister of Defense, shocking other government officials that two Anglo-Portuguese from Great Britain were appointed to top jobs.

SEARCH KEY(S): PORTUGAL, LUSOPHONE

[Anxiety Cafe]

---

 FOUNDED 1857

CAPE TOWN, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1921

PRICE 3c 

---

 

CONFLICT BREWS


The EAC begins aggression
By Max Brenner

Politicians across the board have blasted the EAC's recent decision to revoke South African rights to Zambezi River water, criticizing it for everything from its illegality to its human rights implications. However, PM Hertzog put these concerns to rest with his clarification that, despite that recent action, construction on the Bulawayo Pipeline Project would still continue. This endeavor, which had already been approved, seeks the establishment of a reservoir on the Gwayi River, one of the Middle Zambezi's principal tributaries, as well as a 240 km pipeline to supply the city of Bulawayo.

The administration offered no official rebuttal to the EAC's behavior, calling its economic embargo "a threat with no backing, since the EAC is not a major market for South African mining products." It further reiterated its stance that the EAC had no say in the internal affairs of South Africa, and just as it could not demand a change in East African refugee policies, the Rais Katun and Zimbabwe could not demand a change in South African native policies. Despite this maintenance of the status quo, the Rhodesian government, shortly after Hertzog's response, announced in cooperation with the national government an expansion of the Bulawayo Pipeline Project into a larger Rhodesia Water Supply System.

The RWSS will primarily include construction of a second 70 km pipeline to connect the Zambezi proper with the Gwayi reservoir. With such a link to one of Africa's mightiest rivers, Rhodesia will have an effectively unlimited water supply, centered around the Gwayi reservoir as the center of supply for the entire province, and perhaps beyond in the future. As a result, it will not only end the water woes of Bulawayo but also solve the perennial droughts that hinder economic advancement for the entire province.

The original Bulawayo Pipeline still under construction will be adjusted to include several offshoots and extensions to serve other localities in the province, including Wankie, Lupane, Essexvale, and Gwanda. It will also be used to irrigate the fertile but dry soils of the economically marginalized area, transforming it into a significant agricultural producer. Mining operations, both present and future, too will have access to Zambezi water, which has resulted in a flurry of activity as prospectors inspired by the richness of the Witwatersrand search for mineral and metal deposits.

Significantly, the system leaves open the possibility of expansion west through Plumtree into Bechuanaland and south through Beitbridge into Transvaal. However, these endeavors are unlikely to be pursued in the near future due to high costs, as well as the competing plans to utilize the Orange and Limpopo river basins for such purposes as population, and demand, grows.
 

[Lendenburgh]

November 3, 1921

Deutsches Afrikakorps reformed- dispatched to South Africa
Much to the joy of the citizens of Berlin, the brown shirts have been brought out of storage, and the colonial troops have been reactivated. A military parade this afternoon made its round through the streets of the capital- with 5,000 volunteers to the reformed Afrikakorps participating before their departure for Cape Town later this week. The German government has organized the division in cooperation with the South African government in response to the conflict on the Zambezi. The threats of the Commonwealth's government to the water supplies of South Africa have further aggravated tensions which were ignited over the illegal seizure of zeppelin technology from the German government, and the revocation of assets from the Ostafrika Gesellschaft.

Though the esteemed commander, and defeater of the British, Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck was asked to return from his exile, despite his role in the Kapp Putsch, the General declined the position, instead preferring to keep his company with Entente military officers in London. Instead, his protege in Africa, Theodor von Hippel, will assume the command of the unit, having served among many of the volunteers in the four-year long guerilla campaign in Ostafrika.

Rhur Valley begins to return to normalcy
Though the city centers of Dortmund and Duisberg lay in ruins, the loyal German population has begun to return to their homes in the Rhur Valley, now that the Communist threat has been fully dealt with. The final members of the insurrection finally surrendered as their food supplies dwindled, with almost 5,000 combatants being taken prisoner for their role in the revolt. Direktor Adenauer declared a policy of amnesty for all those who would surrender their arms peacefully, and most of the fighters remaining in the controlled region wisely accepted.

The long path to recovery so begins under the oversight of the RRSEA. The government plans to begin to auction off the sites of destroyed factories, and Minister Strasser has noted that preference will be given to companies that previously had operations in the Rhur, as well as Pacifican corporations. Those which are still standing will need such extensive repairs, it will likely be left up to the RRSEA to allocate the infrastructure.

Code: Select all

Classified,
Abwehr Headquarters, Schloss Mainau, Konstanz See:

Wilhelm Canaris had spent most of the last few months in close contact with the military officials participating in the Direktorat, carefully cultivating a strategy for recruitment into the newly formed Abwher. It had been decided that, in addition to many of the most veteran officers overseeing military operations in the Soviet Union, troops experienced in guerilla warfare would be recruited after returning from South Africa.

Together with Oberstleutnant von Hippel, Canaris had devised the organization of small divisions trained specifically in guerilla fighting, and human intelligence would be the most successful. Though military high command had urged competition with the Polish and British in the realm of cryptography and covert communications, Canaris warned that the Poles were simply too far ahead in their efforts, and that human intelligence and psychological warfare would be of more use in the short term.

Despite this decision of strategy, the National Academy of the Sciences has also been enlisted to try and develop a mathematical system of encrypting messages, though it would be at least 5 years, if not longer, before the program would yield any results which would be useful in warfare.


[The East African Commonwealth]

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Afrika Daily - November 4th, 1921

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Situation in the South Worsens

With South Africa ignoring pressure from the Federal Government and the deployment of the Afrikakorps from Germany tensions have soared on the southern border. While the Federal Government and Rais Kutan have called for an emergency meeting of the Assembly the southern member nations have begun the deployment of forces to the border. The four tribes of Zambia have deployed 10,000 troops along the border with South Africa and Zimbabwe has called up its 2nd and 4th Armies to the border, fully deploying its active force of 50,000 men along the border regions. Some northern states have also begun organizing their divisions such as the new African Tribal Alliance and the Lunda Tribe as fears of conflict past the immediate border have risen with the deployment of German Troops. Currently, the Federal Government has not deployed the Commonwealth Defense Forces in any capacity, nor have they mobilized. However, the Merinia Fleet is rumored to be preparing to set sail toward the South but this remains unconfirmed.

As the situation continues to worsen, many fear that that this time the nation may be unable to avoid a conflict. However, Rais Kutan had managed to navigate the EAC through the Great War without bringing the nation into the sights of Europe and many remain hopeful that he may be able to avoid confrontation yet again. This time, the challenge for the Rais comes not from a king sitting on a throne in Europe or a President residing over the citizens of the new world, but in his own backyard. Further, with Germany now being brought into the crisis a local immigration issue now has the possibility of extending past the border of Africa and bringing Europe's eye toward the continent once again. As the nations of the Commonwealth meet with the Rais in the Assembly, the entire continent nervously awaits what could be the first steps toward a Second African War.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

| Talks of Dam Construction Underway | Two Additional Tribes Join ATA | Mass Mobilization Rumors in the South |
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

[Lusophone]

---

Portuguese Armed Forces to undergo reorganization

---

Minister of Defense Admiral João Semedo came before the National Assembly today to report the government’s plans for a complete reorganization of the Portuguese Army.

Based on conclusions from several reviews of the military that begun in Junho, as well as lessons learned from the Great War, Admiral Semedo detailed that the Swiss-inspired militia army will be abandoned in favor of a mixed model capable of allowing the rapid engagement of operational forces.With plans to create two types of units, the Defense Minister hopes the reorganization will come into full effect no later than 1925.

Admiral Semedo outlined that territorial units will be spread across the territory, including regiments of several arms primarily tasked with training and mobilization of small staffs of officers as well as non-commissioned officers. Semedo added that other units will be maintained in a higher state of readiness so that their effectiveness in peacetime are similar to those planned for conflict.

Informing members of parliament, Semedo revealed plans for the creation of a Metropolitan Army and an Ultramar Army. The Metropolitan Army will focus itself within the Iberian Peninsula, as well as the Azores and Madeira, consisting of 2 calvary brigades and 12 border battalions. 4 Infantry regiments will make up the Ultramar Army in Angola and Mozambique, with 3 battalions to be deployed in Guinea, Portuguese India and Timor.

---

Salt production sees boost from Pure Food and Diet Act

---

Passed with strong support in part because of infected meat being the cause of General Manuel Gomes da Costa’s untimely death, the Pure Food and Diet Act is the first statute to regulate food and medicine in Portuguese commerce.

Making it illegal to manufacture, sell or transport poisonous medicines and infected foods, the law also forbids the adulteration or misbranding of meat and meat products being sold as food and ensures that livestock are slaughtered and processed under strictly regulated sanitary conditions.

The increased attention and support for the safe transportation and conservation of meat, as well as fish especially in major cities, has been cited as the source for the increased production of salt to meet growing economic demands.

---

Category III earthquake hits western Algarve

---

A category III earthquake measured with the Mercalli scale hit the western Algarve region yesterday, 6 Novembro.

The earthquake was noticeably felt by people indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Local residents tell stories of standing motor cars rocking slightly, however no loss of life occurred.

Despite a majority of people not recognizing it as a serious earthquake, Prime Minister Antonio Salazar has announced the dispatch of several government officials to the region to assess damages to businesses and livelihood after local farmers from the town of Aljezur refused to leave the steps of his São Bento residence to complain about their polluted wells.

SEARCH KEY(S): PORTUGAL, LUSOPHONE

[Nowa Polonie]

The Zaruski Purchase



From Dar-es-Salaam, Mariusz Zaruski, General and Adventurer, has concluded an arms deal with the EAC.

In a bizarre twist of fate, the Polish general, Mariusz Zaruski, a prominent member of the 'Polish Maritime, River and Colonial Organisation' - which, although primarily dedicated to developing Poland's merchant navy, has also acted as Poland's diplomatic organ throughout Africa - has concluded an arms deal with the Eastern African Confederation. In the wake of the past eight years of conflict, Poland, more so than many other nations, has become the dumping ground of Europe's ordnance.

Despite Great Britain bei g considered one of Poland's primary diplomatic partners, within the popular sphere, the EAC, viewed as an 'underdog' in its diplomatic, and potentially military, struggle with South Africa, has become the most popular African nation within the Polish popular consciousness - its rejection of European, particularly German, colonialism, making its distinction clear in the psyche of the Polish consciousness.

Thusly, the Polish general and adventurer, Mariusz Zaruski, who had been in East Africa (ostensibly, to inspect both Tanzania and Madagascar as potential sites for Polish settlement), concluded on behalf of the Polish Government an arms deal, which has handed away a large portion of Poland's stock of Tsarist-era Russian weaponry to the East African Commonwealth - nearly 100,000 Mosin-Nagant pattern rifles (and ~1,500,000 rounds ammunition), several hundred artillery pieces, and even several dozen of Poland's aging mid-War pattern aircraft.

Though by no means, is this an act of charity - already, Zaruski has returned with several hundred kilogrammes of silver and gold (the final sum being approximated at one half-tonne of gold, and a full tonne of silver), being presented with the Silver Order of Polonia Restitute, the (second order) of Poland's second-most prestigious award. The 'Zaruski Deal' has been hailed throughout the Polish coalition government - by members of the right and centre, and the pragmatists, for its retrieval of additional hard currency reserves for the Polish Central Bank, and by many members of the Leftist movements for its providence of armaments to an 'anti-imperialist' power such as the EAC.

[Lusophone]

---

Portugal strikes black gold in the Algarve!

---

Upon investigation of the complaints by local farmers of polluted wells near Aljezur, part of the damage assessment by dispatched government officials in response to the category III earthquake that hit the western Algarve region, it was discovered that the substance polluting the wells was in fact oil.

The discovery of oil comes as a shock to the government and the Nation at large. The assessment found the oil to be low in sulfur and light, considered of good quality and easy to extract and refine. While several officials attempted to take advantage of the situation, the news quickly reached Colonel Timoteo Renaldo, who moved to immediately nationalize all mineral rights in the region.

Dispatched officials investigating the matter found similar cases of oil discovery in the south, in Vila do Bispo stretching to the border with Alentejo and east towards Monchique. The discovery has prompted Prime Minister Antonio Salazar to commission an exploration along the Atlantic coast close to Aljezur in an attempt to find out how far into the water black gold lies.

Colonel Timoteo Renaldo has tasked Pedro Magalhães Mai, the Minister of Finance, to begin negotiations with oil companies who could develop the discovery. While striking black gold comes as good news for the country, the challenge for Portugal now is that it lacks the technology and resources to exploit newly found reserves.

---

South Africa granted stake in Angola’s growing diamond industry

---

Since Diamang Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, the Diamang Diamond Company of Angola, was granted concessions for diamond mining and prospecting in 1917, thousands of settlers and workers from Metropolitan Portugal have steadily streamed into the Angola province. However these days, it seems Diamang is no longer just attracting workers and settlers, despite being on track to employ 10,000 workers.

De Beers, a diamond trading and mining company operating out of South Africa, was recently cleared to purchase a 16% stake in Diamang. The news has resulted in a positive reaction from the provincial administration, announcing further expansions to the construction plans for the Benguela railway and roads to reach mining areas.

SEARCH KEY(S): PORTUGAL, LUSOPHONE
EDITS: 4 times for multiple typos.

[Grandes Terres]

15th November 1921
Mayflower, Federal Capital District

---

HOUSE APPROVES MAJOR EXPANSION FOR VIRGINIAN NAVY INCLUDING NEW BASE ON THE ÎLES DE LA MADELEINE

---

EXPANSION of the Virginian Navy has been approved by the House, which voted 163-37 in favour of an appropriations bill to grant additional funding to the Department of War to be distributed to the navy. The funding aims to see the Virginian Navy be modernised and expanded to ensure it is 'the largest and most capable naval force in the Americas by gross tonnage' and can operate in 'all environments'.

Atlantic Battle Fleet off Cape Cod.

The expansion comes as the federal government seeks to redouble its commitment to the Virginian Naval Doctrine, which includes the requirement of 'Virginian naval pre-eminence in the Atlantic west of the meridian 40° west', as well as an increasing amount of conflict being seen overseas, with tensions at their highest point since the Great War. Whilst Virginia itself is not actively involved in overseas conflicts, its membership of the AFN requires the nation to support the cause of democracy and liberal ideals globally, not to mention increasing tensions at home between Virginia and Canada, with the two neighbours increasing butting heads over ideological differences and migration.

Alongside the expansion of the navy in terms of ships and gross tonnage (alongside the required extra personnel) the navy has also been granted the funding to construct a new naval base on the Îles-de-la-Madeleine. The islands are part of the state of New Acadia and their strategic location in the centre of the Gulf of St Lawrence gives the Virginian Navy a key point of defence for the St Lawrence River and Lake Ontario as well as the Gulf itself including Cabot Strait, which marks the entrance to the Gulf of St Lawrence. As well as a strategic defence location, Representative Pierre Amirault from New Acadia also stated that the presence of the base and the associated Virginian naval traffic in the Gulf will "Keep the Canadians in check", but the House Committee on Appropriations has confirmed that his statement is not part of the official rationale for the bases construction.

Thomas Netanyahu, The Federal Bulletin

[Bengal and Assam]

16th November, 1921

---

Unionists Face No Confidence Motion. Governor-General Dissolves Parliament.
Acadian Sale "worst thing done in the history of the Unionist Governement and this Dominion".

McKenzie King, leader of the Liberal Party has called the "Acadian Sale" the "scam of the century". The Liberal Party, and rather disgruntled members of the Unionist Party, who have broken away to form the "Progressive Party", under the leadership of Thomas Crear from Maquette, MT, have passed a Motion of No Confidence through the House of Commons. The Governor-General has officially dissolved Parliament this morning, and has called for new "All-Dominion" elections.

McKenzie King, of the Liberals has started his campaign trail this afternoon in Ottawa. In it, he called the recent moves from Virginia "provocative".
"It is in the Yankee blood. They tried once in 1812, they snatched Oregon from us. The Yankees won't rest until all Canadians, loyal to Crown and Country, are under their boots.". He has also said that "while the issues that led to the Conscription Crisis were understandable. I hope that Canadians of all faiths, colours and creed, can come together to defend this our fair Dominion, should the Yankee boots march on our Northern Homeland."

Alongside his calls for greater national unity, he has also called for further investment into national infrastucture, the military, weaponry and ship research and development in Canada, and also a Royal Commission looking into the formation of the "Royal Canadian Air Force", since "the future of warfare is in the air". He also wishes for further cooperation with the Motherland(Britain) on aircraft research and development.
On the social front, he wishes for reform in regards to the treatment of Natives, as well as looking into conducts of the Boarding schools operated by the Catholic Church, and the possibilities of "in-community schooling and education of the Indians"

---

Advertisement by the Ottawa Freak Exhibition and Circus

---

[Nowa Polonie]

President Pilsudski Announces 1922 Elections for March, Announces Formation of 'Milicja Obywatelska'



A Czech truck driver has his forms inspected by a member of the new Milicja - dedicated primarily to Public Order Maintainance (Riot Control), State Infrastructure Protection and an auxiliary role in border protection, acting alongside the military.

In the wake of growing worries of instability in the weeks and months leading towards Poland's elections in 1922, President Pilsudski has finally announced a definite date for elections, which are to take place in March. The President has notably marked this with the announcement of the formation of a new auxiliary police force, dubbed the 'Milicja Obywatelska', or 'Citizens' Militia'. The new 'militia' will act as a hybrid state security force, acting in the capacities of crowd control, security of key government infrastructure, and support of the army in policing the border (acting in support of existing military and civilian border/customs police forces). President Pilsduski has stated that the new organization will create an additional 30,000 state jobs, while relieving the pre-existing Policja of these roles, allowing them to invest their full efforts and attentions towards criminal investigations and civilian policing.

Notably, President Pilsudski has worked with Left-Opposition leader Rosa Luksemburg of the PSP to conduct the formation of a 'Women's Section' within both the newly formed Milicja, and the pre-existing Policja, to specialize where criminal cases in their jurisdiction involving women are involved, and new quotas for more equitable employment opportunies for both men and women to serve in state police and security forces - at least 30% by 1930, and equal representation of men and women by 1945 - a notable date, as many Polish ethnographers have noted that by 1945, approximately, the majority of Poland's working population will be composed of those born after Poland's independence, and as such, a number of 'State Plans' to meet targets for political, economic and social development leading up to that point have already been touted, though many believe that it will not be until after the results of the March Election that any concrete plans are announced.

[The East African Commonwealth]

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Afrika Daily - November 20th, 1921

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Federal Forces Deploy

Over the last two weeks, the Commonwealth's government has been been silent on the issue of the Southern Border following the South African dismissal of EAC pressure, however, today that silence was broken. Rais Kutan addressed the nation today via radio broadcast to inform citizens about what has been decided by the Assembly.

Citizens of the EAC. Early this morning six armored trains arrived in Livingstone, Kadoma, and Chivhu along with 1,000 members of the 3rd Division and 200 Afrikan Rangers to provide a Federal response to the growing issues on our border. However, these forces were not sent to be reinforcements, but replacements. The troops that arrived today are the first of 20,000 men of the Federal Army which will be deployed to the border instead of the current 60,000 troops of the national armies stationed there. The 3rd Division, stationed here in the Capitol, and the 2nd Division, station in Zambia, will form the 7th African Army under General Alake Engida to patrol our border with South Africa. This decision has been made due to concerns that the current forces present have been deployed on a national level and as such do not represent the Commonwealth as a whole and as such national concerns would take priority over the well being of the Commonwealth. In addition to this, the EAC Assembly and Member nations have agreed to halt the mobilization of national armies for the time being and let the Defense Forces act for the best interests for the EAC.

This force will be supplemented by the activation of the Merinia Fleet under the command of Admiral Hew'i which will be patrolling our Southern Maritime Borders. This force has been ordered to intercept South African Ships and prevent them from entering our waters, military or civilian. As of now, the Commonwealth's maritime borders are closed to South African Travel, including access to the Suez Canal. The fleet has not been ordered to board vessels unless warning are not heeded and will not engage unless fired upon. No vessels of other nationalities will be stopped.

The Commonwealth once more requests a dialogue with the government of South Africa on this issue of the border and to put an end to the rising tensions between our two nations.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

| Talks with AFN Underway | Navy Launches Two Cruisers | First batch of Polish Equipment Arrives in Zanzibar |
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

[Anxiety Cafe]

---

 FOUNDED 1857

CAPE TOWN, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 1921

PRICE 3c 

---

 

MILITARY MOBILIZES


Preparations for defence from EAC invasion
By Max Brenner

The Union Defense Force has officially begun mobilizing in response to the EAC's decision to deploy its Federal Army to the border on the Zambezi and near Rhodesia. Unlike the already-stationed Active Citizen Force which began patrolling the border to reduce illegal immigration, the armies to be deployed are hardened veterans from the Great War and even from the Bambatha Rebellion and South African War. They will supplement the forces already there and will be working in cooperation with the South African Air Force, which is expected to be experiencing its first deployment. South African naval forces and port workers have been instructed to deny access to ships flying the EAC flag.

A total economic embargo has been instituted on EAC mineral and agricultural products, aimed at inflicting a devastating blow to the neighboring state's economy. Transport links, restricted as they were, have now been closed entirely, including the famed Victoria Falls Bridge crossing the Zambezi in Rhodesia. Rhodesia, being home to the bulk of the border with the EAC, has produced the most ardent supporters of the current course of action. This province being the greatest stronghold of the SAP has resulted in a split in its MPs, and has surely contributed to its lack of effective opposition to the recent events.

The governing National Party's opinions have grown even harsher with the recent escalation of tensions; PM Hertzog himself called on the international community and the League of Nations to punish the EAC for its "continued interference" in South African internal affairs, as well as its "intention to disrupt global trade through the Suez Canal." This latter argument has become a sticking point. Minister Malan said that "if this deed goes unpunished, it will only be a matter of time before [the EAC] finds an enemy of Europe and decides to cut off its trade with the Asian colonies." The Polish government did not escape criticism. Hertzog warned that its recent arms deal with the EAC amidst the tensions would harm diplomatic and perhaps trade relations.

In response to the EAC's so-called request for dialogue, PM Hertzog was quick to point out that it was not South Africa that began the conflict. "Look at the armies that the Commonwealth amasses on our border. These are not the actions of a nation that wants peace. A country that respects its neighbors sovereignty would not repeatedly threaten violence over a matter of internal affairs. It is clear that we cannot expect peace and respect from a Commonwealth that disrespects the sovereignty of even its own members."

"We are open to dialogue. But we will not allow a foreign nation to decide what laws we are allowed to pass. We will not allow our border areas to come under the threat of violence any time we exert our sovereignty. If the EAC wants dialogue, it will remove its troops from our border and cease its attempts to control our government. Until then, its proclamations of peace are empty and meaningless."
 

[Anxiety Cafe]

"The Mouthpiece of the African People"
Authorized to publish Government Notices affecting Natives

---

 FOUNDED 1912

JOHANNESBURG, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 1920

PRICE 3c 

---

 

THE SANNC ON RECENT EVENTS


Powerful figures against PM Hertzog
By Sol T. Plaatje

The South African Native National Congress has been no friend of the Hertzog administration, criticizing its nationwide expansion of the reserves as well as its restrictions on crossing the border with the EAC. Following the initial deployment of EAC member nation troops to the border, however, it called an emergency meeting to draft a response to the South African government's actions.

Being the first full meeting since the incorporation of South-West Africa, representatives of the several new nations, such as the Ndonga and Kwangali, were invited to intend. This created, for the first time, a forum for all the nations of Southern Africa to air their grievances and prepare an official response. Significantly, some tribal leaders opted to attend themselves, indicating the severity of the situation.

The arrival of the German troops angered many, the scars of aftermath of the 1904 Herero and Nama Uprising still causing a deep resentment. The resistance of the Ndonga and other Ovambo kingdoms to the establishment of the reserve system was similarly a topic of discussion. And as always, the exploitation of native labor in the mines remained at the forefront. However, the plight of the Lozi and Shona was the main event of the meeting. These transborder groups found themselves cut off from their tribal leaderships in Barotseland and Zimbabwe in the EAC.

The SANNC thereafter released a manifesto detailing their opposition to Minister Malan's emigration restrictions, but also the reserve system, pass laws, and the native educational system. They called on the current administration to repeal these acts and to cease the conflict with the EAC. A number of other grievances were laid out as well, from the illegal partition of Swaziland to the banishment of the Mthwakazi royal heirs from their nation in Rhodesia. This is the first time that it has officially and actively opposed national legislation, and many are preparing for retribution from the government.

Significantly, the organization announced that Queen Mother Labotsibeni Mdluli of Swaziland and King Khama III of Bechuanaland would travel to Cape Town to plead the SANNC's case to the Cape Liberals in the hopes of bolstering governmental opposition to the administration's policies. The two are among South Africa's most renowned figures, known for their diplomatic personalities, widespread influence, and ties to the British government.
 

[United Kingdom of Syria and Palestine]

Syria-Palestine Royal Armed-Forces undergoes logistical re-evaluations & re-equipment

5/20/1921

---

The Royal Army for a long time had been utilizing a series of different rifles, some were French, some were British, most were Turkish leftovers. The 9.5x60mm, 7.65×53mm Mauser, 7.92×57mm Mauser, .303 British, and 8×50mmR Lebel were all rifle calibers used throughout the Levant, and is a logistical hassle to manage. As of today, Syria-Palestine has organized agreements with France, Great Britain and Germany to begin the process of simplifying and upgrading its arsenal. They've thus far planned to adopt the .303 British for most of their arms manufacturing needs, their carbines, their rifles, most machine guns, and adopting the 7.92x57 Mauser for heavy machine guns and for another purpose not yet specified, and adopting the 9x19 for their sub machine guns and pistols. Already, a great many Lee Enfields, Lewis Guns, Vickers, MP-18's and C96 pistols have been ordered.

For artillery, aircraft and vehicles, France and their industries have been contracted. Berliet CBA Trucks, SPAD S.XIII Biplane fighters, SPAD S.XI reconnaissance aircrafts, Bréguet 14 recons/bombers, 1897 howitzers, Cellerier Mortars, 58 mm type 2 medium mortars, and additional Renault FT's have been ordered, however in what quantities and when they will be arriving has not yet been publically announced. Along with this, a large number of munition plants have begun construction, and has been given some level of priority, and will be producing .303 British, 9x19 Parabellum, and 7.92x57 Mauser in particular for small arms, but also 58.3mm shells, 75mm shells, and 37mm shells for larger guns and platforms.

The Royal Army logistical reform has been approved of by both the Legislative and King Jean-Pierre, and is only one of very many reforms that are to come to the nation's young military. The project is no doubt a large scale one, and is expected to take years before it is eventually completed in its entirety. Nevertheless, economic reports suggests that the project could be mostly completed in four years assuming all things go as planned, however the administration is expecting it to last a little bit longer. Nevertheless, the lengths gone through by King Jean-Pierre's regime has further proved the young administration's dedication to keeping its borders and its peoples safe.

---

German Industrial Experts & Advisors invited to Syria-Palestine!

6/24/1921

---

As Syria-Palestine continually advances its industry, industrial advisors and managers from Germany have been invited into Syria to help the ever-evolving country develop its own industry. The invitation was sent out in the beginning of June, and especially targeted those who haven't gotten a chance to prove themselves yet, and those who are experienced and lost their jobs in the post-war alike. The Syria-Palestinian industrial efforts is the area the young nation has been focusing on the absolute most, mechanizing its farms, building warehouses, and soon plans to mechanize its drilling and mining industries. The primary and secondary sectors have been granted the most attention recently.

---

Syrian Nobleman visits the Pacific States!

9/20/1921

---

Recently, a member of Syrian Nobility, Dani eil of Arboush, has taken a long trip from his residence in Halep, to visit the headquarters of the headquarters of a Pacific-American Company. Dani eil of Arboush is a Syrian nobleman, and an enthusiast of aerodynamics. During the Great War, he was one of the few who got to pilot a French fighter-bomber aircraft over the skies of Northern Syria in their fight for independence. Flying was something he enjoyed doing back then, and in a recent memoir published by him, was something that he longed to do again.

Horizon, a Pacifican aircraft manufacturing company, headquartered in Seattle, South Columbia. has recently been visited by Dani eil. The visitation was done partially as a means of seeking a company to contract. More specifically, he was seeking something relating to aircraft industries. Syria-Palestine for the longest of time has relied on France & Britain for their needs, and only recently has been eyeing their potential competitors. What he had found in the Pacific States left a great impression on him. From this company, he saw men hard at work on aircraft designs that he deemed to be both 'competent' and 'efficient.' He watched as their planes took off from their fields, and attended any air shows that may have happened in or around the city.

Whether or not this means Syria-Palestine will be seeking to do business with the Pacific States as a result, is yet to be seen, however we can infer from Dani eil's statements that he did indeed enjoy his trip and had plenty of positive things to say about the Pacific-American's work ethic and aeronautic creations.

---

IN OTHER NEWS:
1922 Progress Report: How it will look so far [SEPT 1st]
Mass arms sales on the horizon? [NOV 20th]
Labor Unions officially legalized across Syria-Palestine [NOV 10th]
Syria-Palestine begins selling bonds [JUNE 3rd]

[The East African Commonwealth]

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Afrika Daily - November 24th, 1921

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

General Alake Arrives on the Border

As the tribal chiefs across the border in South Africa have begun to take matters into their own hands, the commanding officer of the 7th African Army, General Alake, has arrived in Livingstone to begin consolidating the two divisions and preparing defenses. The General is the son of the famed Ras Alula, the Lion General of Ethiopia who was regarded as Africa's best greatest military mind since Hannibal of Carthage. While his Alake has seen combat in his youth during the Great African War and was an observer of the Great War between 1915 and 1916 both in Russia and Germany, he has never had a command as large as this. However, the General was schooled by his father in the art of war and, unlike many other military leaders in the country, has been urgently pushing the idea of mobile war and combined arms doctrine. It is these idea which also led to the AAS's 1st Air Fleet to be reassigned to the 7th as its reconnaissance arm at the general's request. The airships Nairobi and Mombasa, which were originally on mapping missions, arrived late yesterday and began patrolling the border and monitoring the movements of the South African Army. In addition to his military knowledge, Alake is also a skilled negotiator and has a history of diffusing many tribal and religious feuds across the EAC, making him the prefect man to put in charge of this situation. As of right now, the public has not been made aware of what stance the Defense Forces are taking or if General Alake has orders to prepare for an intervention into South Africa.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

| Air Wings Begin Training in Kampala | Government Purchases Tanks, Soviets to Train Crews | Construction of Zambezi Dam proposed in Assembly |
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

[Lusophone]

---

Portugal produces its first budget surplus

---

In the entire existence of Portugal’s republican experiment, which saw eight presidents and twenty ministries that have been described as consisting of “continual anarchy, government corruption, rioting and pillage, assassinations, arbitrary imprisonment and religious persecution,” never had it once seen a glimmer of end to its sorry economic state.

The twentieth century dawned with the country placing as the least developed European power, its public debt and government finances left in a precarious situation and the government’s ability to respond to growing challenges all the more hampered by political instability until recently.

The administration of Colonel Timoteo Renaldo however, has been described as nothing but an unprecedented period of swift reform. The second President of the Second Republic made one promise to his Portuguese compatriots upon his inauguration, and that was that the creation of the Estado Novo, a New State, would pave the way for the prosperity and security all Portuguese have been longing for since the Republican Revolution.

Portuguese entered the new decade with the cost of living fifteen times higher than it was in 1914, with burgeoning public-sector employment accompanied by a perverse shrinkage in the share of the industrial labor force in total employment.

Keeping with the bold optimism Colonel Renaldo has brought into government, Finance Minister Pedro Magalhães Mai today announced a foreseeable end to Portugal’s bloated fiscal deficits, a result of money creation and foreign borrowing that climaxed in hyperinflation, all made possible by Portugal’s exit from the gold standard, adoption of paper currency and a moratorium on the external debt service.

An Anglo-Portuguese who had spent most of his life educated and residing in Great Britain until the late General Gomes da Costa approached him for the job, it comes as no surprise that Mai holds the principles of a balanced budget and monetary stability as categorical imperatives.

Virtually a financial czar from the day he took office, Mai became Finance Minister with assurance from Colonel Renaldo that he would have a free hand to veto expenditure in all government departments, not just his assigned ministry. Armed with unprecedented special powers, Mai has spent his time in office enforcing austerity and red-penciled wasting, a means to restore order to Portugal’s national accounts.

In a culmination of painstaking dedication and work, Mai has succeeded to restore equilibrium to both the fiscal budget and in the balance of international payments. He dominates headlines as his internal feud with Prime Minister Salazar continues, producing the Republic’s first budgetary surplus, an unparalleled novelty.

Finance Minister Pedro Magalhães Mai is expected to come before a session of the National Assembly to personally inform members of parliament of the news. Mai will also detail to the Assembly his plans for the country’s future finances, a future in which Portugal’s fiscal accounts will hopefully always contain a substantial surplus in the current account, to restore Portugal's credit worthiness at home and abroad and to allow the Nation the wherewithal to finance infrastructure projects without resorting to inflationary financing or borrowing abroad.

“Progress is being made,” remarked Mai in the papers, who has repeatedly professed a goal of “changing the culture” within Lisboa bureaucrats and building stronger fiscal habits for the country.

---

Anglo-Portuguese Technical Advice Scheme established with Great Britain

---

With the Minister of Finance’s first order of business, the stabilization of the government expenditures and the currency, achieved by producing the first budget surplus using a mixture of increased increased government revenue and reduced government expenditures, it seems Finance Minister Pedro Magalhães Mai has no plans of slowing down.

As news of the Nation’s first budget surplus inspires an unseen uptick in economic confidence for the first time, Mai is ramping up efforts to solidify Portugal’s path to economic resurgence.

Making a stop at the British Embassy in Lisboa, Finance Minister Mai emerged with his counterparts from Great Britain to announce the establishment of the “Anglo-Portuguese Technical Advice Scheme,” which will bring over several retired senior British bureaucrats and administrators to advice the Portuguese government, especially the Finance Ministry.

Educated in Britain himself, the Finance Minister is also setting up a fund to further educate promising Portuguese government administrators in Britain, along with work terms in several British government departments.

The Anglo-Portuguese Technical Advice Scheme will also bring over British officials that will advice the Finance Ministry on the development and administration of Portugal’s new found source of wealth, the black gold discovered in the Algarve.

---

Standard Oil, Wintershall bids under consideration for Algarve oil development

---

Tasked by Colonel Timoteo Renaldo to lead negotiations with foreign oil companies who could develop the Algarve oil discovery, Pedro Magalhães Mai, Portugal’s Minister of Finance has been reported discussing bids with Wintershall, a German oil and gas producer and Standard Oil, a New York-based oil monopoly in Virginia.

SEARCH KEY(S): PORTUGAL, LUSOPHONE
EDITS: 3 times for multiple typos.