How are new laws passed in your nation?

[Oronia]

New bills can only be proposed in the House of Councilors, the lower house of the Congreso Nacional. Majority vote is required in order to submit for review by the Senate - the upper house - which requires a majority vote as well. Afterwards, the bill is presented to the President for approval; the bill is returned to the House if approval is not granted, although both houses can override presidential returns by a two-thirds vote. Once the President approves the bills - or if both houses vote to overturn - the bill is presented to the Crown for assent and then becomes law; while customarily always given, it is within the power of the Crown to refuse assent.

[Nova Universo]

The Entity can't pass laws, but we have orders that work in the same manner. Orders are drafted by steward offices and debated in a full circle assembly of the Monarch-Political. They are ratified by the monarch after the assembly agrees on a final executory version.

There are a few laws from Nova Tero which are grandfathered into the law code of the Entity. The Steward of State has a group focussing on rewriting and redebating these as orders to better reflect the needs and peculiarities of the city.

[The Confederate States of America]

An idea for a bill is thought of and a draft is written, a member of Congress introduces it for consideration. The bill goes to a committee, they can either ignore or amend it. The bill then goes up to debate where it can be amended again, it is then voted on, if it is voted in favor it moves on to the other house of Congress, once both houses vote in favor of the bill along with a debate on the bill, it is sent to the president who either signs or vetos it. Both congresses can then vote on a vetoed bill to overturn it and make it law.

[Equai]

First, the law gets proposed to the Committee of Representatives by the commune, the workers union or or any local self-governing body. The proposed bills is reviewed by the Committee of Representatives who then either agrees unanimously or votes. With a majority of "Yes" (if voting is chosen), the proposal is then sent to the The Ministry who puts it on the public referendum where the population decides will it be in the law. When referendum is completed the said proposal becomes a draft.

The draft is then ratified by the Committee and signed in the effect by the members of The Ministry.

[hr]
For reference what The Minstry and Committee of Representatives are can be found here

[Kahekordne Union of Spib]

A purposely complex method, where a bill is made in a legislative vote, brought up to the president and part of the parliament to decide whether or not it should be a considered to be a law. The president has one direct vote, while parliament has individual groups with their own vote. Once a 1:3 ratio of against and for is made, the law can be brought up to a final judicial vote where the Tippkohtusüsteem can declare if the bill should become a law and if it should be enforced. Once that's done, the law will be enacted and be put into society.

[Ostrali]

A state council decides on a law which then goes to the national council which basically discusses it until they agree on something then they ask the president if they can do it

[The Furi Isles]

Laws are passed by the Synod and ratified (or vetoed) by the High Priestess.

In some circumstances the High Priestess can pass laws unilaterally.

[Indian Empire]

New laws in Indian Empire are passed in the House of Parliament, Indian Empire's Unicameral legislature. The bill is introduced by a sponsoring MP and is required to be co-sponsored by at least 10 active MP's in order to be presented on the floor of Parliament. After a debate on the floor of parliament, the legislation is voted on. If it receives support from the majority of MP's, it is taken to a formal ceremony by the prime minister, who signs it into law.

[Teletubieland]

Laws are passed by the Supreme Council comprising of the Four Arcons. Proposals can be initiated by the Supreme High Arcon, by any two of the other Arcons, by the Emporer, or by the Witan. Laws passed by the Supreme Council must be ratified by the Emporer.

[Makko Oko]

There's actually 2 kinds of laws technically speaking, that can be passed within the nation.

Emperor's Orders - These are comparable to the Executive Orders that exist in the RL USA. These orders cover things that may not be suitable for legislation, along with declarations of powers including emergency powers. Emperor's Orders need no oversight or approval, and are solely written and handled by the Emperor themselves.

Your Average Law - Of course you have the regular laws, you know, those things called bills that parliaments typically draft and enact? Well, in Makko Oko, there is no parliamentary system, none at all, meaning there's actually no legislative branch of the government. Laws are enacted solely on the Emperor's word and their word alone. The Emperor does everything, from drafting to officially passing it. Typically, the Emperor does get feedback from cabinet officials but their feedback means nothing, as the Emperor can ignore it as seen fit.

[Rhodevus]

Committees made up of senators or members of the house of commons can propose bills to their committee. These bills are discussed, drafted and voted on within the committees to determine if they are satisfactory to be brought to the House of Commons. So too can citizens propose bills. When a citizen proposes a bill, it is done by filling out a form on a specific government website. These forms then need to be endorsed by at least one member of parliament, and receive the endorsements of at minimum 5,000 citizens. Once it passes this threshold, the proposal gets brought to a special committee to form it into a bill. The monarch can also propose bills. The monarch can technically also propose decrees, which can almost bypass parliament entirely, but those aren't considered laws. When a monarch proposes a bill, it is brought directly to a committee.

Once it leaves the committee, it is brought to the House of Commons to debate, rewrite/reorganize/reform, debate more, amend and vote on. If the vote fails within a certain margin, it can be brought back to the committee to amend. if the amount of time to amend reaches a certain threshold, it will also be sent back to the committee to amend. A bill can pass through the House in 3 ways: 50%+1 pass, 2/3 majority 'supermajority pass', or monarch's assent.

Once it's through the House, it gets brought to the senate, where the same process happens. Except, instead of being pushed back to committee, it gets pushed back to the House. The senate can pass bills through 2 ways: 50%+1 pass, or 2/3 majority 'supermajority pass'.

Once it passes both houses of parliament, it is brought to the monarch to sign off on and becomes a law.

[New Soviet Trans-Ohio]

First, they are approved or proposed by the Politburo, then submitted to the full Central Committee, and then presented to the Supreme Soviet. Only then is it formally ratified and enacted into a law, rubber-stamping what is already favored by the Party, of course. The Party is the vanguard of the Revolution, the People, and the People's State.

[Agausia]

The Government, a Member of Parliament, a parliamentary faction, a parliamentary committee, and no less than 25,000 voters have the right of to initiate a bill. A law is adopted if it is supported by a majority of the members of Parliament present but at least 1/3 of the total number of the members of Parliament. A law passed by Parliament is to be submitted to the President of Agausia within 10 days. The President can sign and promulgate the law or return it to the Parliament with justified remarks within 2 weeks. If the remarks are adopted, the final version of the law is submitted to the President within 5 days, and the latter must sign and promulgate the law within 5 days. If the President's remarks are rejected, the initial version of the law is put to a vote in the Parliament and, if adopted, submitted to the President within 3 days for signature and promulgation. If the President fails to promulgate the law, then the Chairperson of Parliament does this after the respective deadline expires. However, if the president if traveling (nationally or internationally) the initial deadline is extended to no more than 10 days.

[Melrovia]

Melrovia is a quasi-absolute monarchy. Officially, laws are create at the whim of the prince, although in practice, he chooses to delegate legislation to a council of nobles he appointed. However, he can still veto them or override their legislation at any time.

[Norse Inuit Union]

Historically a referendum would need 5,000 approvals for it to be voted on but now it's 60,000 and if it gets over 50% of the vote it becomes law. Laws can also be passed locally too instead of the whole nation. For each Confederite and Confederitie a referendum needs 25% approval for it to be voted on and like Confederites they need over 50% of the vote to become law.

[Junatia]

President Summers makes the law and that's it. Mostly takes less than 5 Minutes

[Kampfler]

One of the 20 law-making positions, including President Saltz, propose and write a law, it is passed through the House and edited as deemed necessary, and makes it way to President Saltz and the lawmakers, who will strike it down or pass it.

[Lunisolar]

The parliament can suggest new laws, which go to the queen for approval or The queen can just make a law and approve her own law

[Mundaneland]

Laws are normally proposed in Parliament's Policy and Resources Committee, which consists of the ten longest serving Members of Parliament. The Chairman or any two other members can make a proposal. If passed by the Committee, the proposal then needs to be approved by a majority of Parliament's 100 members.

Proposals can also be made in any of the subject area committees (e.g. education, health, transport etc). Any two members can make a proposal, if passed by a majority it then goes to the Policy and Resources Committee where it must pass with a majority before getting a majority in Parliament. If approved by a subject area committee but rejected or not considered in the Policy and Resources Committee, a proposal can be made on the floor of Parliament by any five MPs to consider the bill, which must then pass with a majority.

A proposal can also be made by a petition signed by 5% of citizens who are of voting age and not currently in prison. This proposal then goes to the relevant subject area committee. If the proposal, or one that is similar, is not passed within six months of the petition being submitted, there is then a referendum. The referendum result is binding if turnout is at least 40%, and advisory otherwise. The result of an advisory referendum must be discussed by the Policy and Resources Committee. A law passed by referendum can not be repealed or amended without a referendum.

The effects of laws must be reviewed after passage by the Overview and Scrutiny Committee, which comprises of the ten next most senior MPs. This will normally happen, 1 year, 5 years, 10 years, 20 years, 50 years, 100 years and every century thereafter. It can also happen at any time if a majority of the committee's members agree on a proposal by the chairman or any two members. A proposal to amend or repeal a law passed by the committee and resulting from such a review then merely requires a majority in Parliament.

[Emus Republic Of Australia]

This is how it goes:
Governor of a state proposes a nation-wide law >it is sent to ministers > if ministers approve of this law, it is sent to Emuus The Great > Emuus can either veto the law or accept it > if he accepts, it is now offical.

Or the ministers can suggest one and give it to Emuus, which he can also veto it or approve it.
And thirdly, he can just make laws and it’s auto approved