How are Laws created in your nation?

[OneEarth]

The High Councilman, Kal-El aka Superman, declares it, thus it is a law.

[Southern Hampshire]

Ward/Local Laws = Proposals available to be made by citizens online, on an app or in a public meeting. The proposal must be first passed by an online signature petition which must reach a 25% threshold in one of the 10 wards. Should it reach the threshold, it will be debated in the council between the ward representatives and finally voted upon. Each ward representative can veto a proposal if they think it will affect their ward negatively, but those that vote yes will impose the proposal on their own wards.

State Laws = Any legislation which is not state-wide but is present in at least one local council with at least half wards agreeing, ts automatically brings the proposal to State assembly desk. It will then be debated upon between the ward representatives in the given state. If the legislation vote has at least a 66% agreement, it will pass and become state legislation, imposed on all local councils with no veto rights. If it achieves between 33% and 66% vote and fails to pass, a state-wide referendum will trigger, either on line or physically, depending on the importance.

National/Federal Laws = Similar to state laws, a presence of a legislation in any state will trigger a new debate between the 12 State Presidents and the Federal President. A vote will proceed requiring 7 out of 12 Presidents to agree to make a national-wide legislation. An alternative is an online petition with more than 500 000 signatures, which will trigger a debate. A petition with more than 15 000 000 signatures will trigger a public referendum which the Presidents must respect and cannot veto.

It is worthy to note that Southern Hampshire has a very high Internet Penetration rate, one of the highest in the world, therefore petitioning online is often seen as fair. Elders are often encouraged to take tech lessons.

[Ayermani]

The functions of the Ayermani National Assembly (ANA) include making laws, controlling the state's finances and taking up a critical/inquisitorial role to check on the actions of the governing party and the Ministries.
One of the ANA's main functions is to make laws for the country. Before any law is passed, it is first introduced in the ANA as a draft called a "Bill". Bills are usually introduced by a Minister on behalf of the Government. However, any Member of the ANA (MANA) can introduce a Bill known as a Private Member's Bill. All Bills must go through three readings in ANA and receive the President's assent to become an Act of the ANA.
A Bill is introduced and given a First Reading without a debate. Following its introduction, the Member in charge of the Bill will propose in the ANA that the Bill be read a second time. It is during this stage that MANAs get an opportunity to debate on the principles of the Bills, examining its advantages and disadvantages. If MANAs feel that the proposed law is beneficial to the country, they will vote in favour to proceed and the Bill will be given its Second Reading. The Bill then progresses to the Committee of the Whole ANA or to a Select Committee comprising several MANAs for it to be examined clause by clause. MANAs who support the Bill in principle but do not agree with certain clauses can propose amendments to those clauses at this stage. Following its report back to the House, the Bill will go through its Third Reading where only minor amendments will be allowed before it is passed.
Most Bills passed by the ANA are scrutinised by the Presidential Council for Minority Rights which makes a report to the Speaker stating whether there is any differentiating measure in a Bill which affects any racial or religious community. If approved by the Council, the Bill will be assented to by the President before being gazetted in the Government Gazette to become a law.

[Freedenea]

President Johnathan Ross proposes a law to the People's Congress and they vote upon it. Should be made note that if they vote "no", they can be sent to a political prison.

So basically, whatever the President wants as a law becomes law.

[Milkus]

All legislation originates in the Diet. Once it has a two thirds majority, it is signed into law by the Vogt on behalf of the Prince-Bishop.

[NATION COALITION]

Glorious Comrade-Premier rules by decree

[Caribica]

All of them are created, ratified and enforced by our glorious president Salvador Mendoza.

[Eeri]

For a law to be created in Eeri, first a proposal is made. Often by a senator or other elected official within the Government. Occasionally these can be created via referendum or petition and very rarely they can be direct proposals from the President.

Second the bill is drafted and presented before the Lower House of the legislature. The bill is discussed and debated for a period of two weeks. Once the discussions and debates are finished a vote is held whether to APPROVE the bill or DENY the bill.

IF THE BILL IS APPROVED: The bill will be sent to the Upper House for another two week discussion and debate. The Upper House will then take a vote to PASS or REJECT.

IF THE BILL IS DENIED: If rejected in the Lower House the bill will be removed from the agenda for a period of three weeks. The proposal can be redrafted or discarded and if redrafted it can be introduced again. If rejected again the bill is once more removed from the agenda for redrafting or discarding. If once more the bill is rejected the bill is now considered discarded and cannot be reintroduced for the fiscal year.

IF THE BILL IS APPROVED THEN REJECTED: If the Upper House rejects the bill the bill is returned the Lower House and again the bill can be redrafted or discarded. Same three strike rule applies.

IF THE BILL IS APPROVED THEN PASSED: The Bill is sent to the President to sign into law or veto. Veto can be overturned by a 2/3 majority vote of both chambers of the legislature. If the bill is signed to law it becomes law starting January 1 of the next year.

[Victorious Decepticons]

Top-Down

-Leader Megatron sees that a big problem is developing, and decides that he will have to make a law in order to fix it. He then thinks up several versions of the law.

-The possibilities are secretly sent to the Domestic Intelligence Division (DomIntel). DomIntel then briefs hundreds of secret agents, who pose as regular people, on these possibilities.

-The secret agents then casually bring up these possibilities in conversation with actual regular people, and make note of all of the responses. To most people, it just seems like the agents are simply bored people who want to talk politics for a while. A large amount of effort is taken to avoid the appearance of actually polling, lest the populace get infected with ideas of democracy.

-Responses are then tallied by the Domestic Intelligence Supercomputer, and the most common ones are transmitted to Leader Megatron.

-Megatron then goes live on interplanetary holovision and makes a decree implementing the version that got the most positive response, or the least-negative one if none of the options were well-received.

-Most people think he manages to choose the most-acceptable option via some sort of magic, and a few even believe he does it with divine power.

Bottom-Up

-The population becomes unhappy about something. People begin to discuss the issue in conversations with each other. Most do this naturally, but a few do it very intentionally in areas known to be surveilled by Domestic Intelligence. (Almost no one realizes that *every area* is surveilled by Domestic Intelligence.)

-All commentary of all sorts is processed and sorted by the Domestic Intelligence Supercomputer. Once the Computer tallies up a certain percentage of people griping about one particular thing, it generates a report (the needed percentage varies depending on what kind of gripes are involved). The report notes the issue, the location of any "complaint clusters," and the severity of the complaints. Note that these complaints never include suggestions for regime change - making that kind of a suggestion is straight-up suicide.

-Sapient agents go over all reports. If there is a local complaint cluster, the problem is forwarded to the Area Manager for the locality. It is then his job to fix whatever the people are complaining about.

-If the complaints are nationwide, the report goes straight to Leader Megatron.

-Unresolved local complaint clusters are brought to Megatron's attention if they persist after the local manager was supposed to have fixed them. How long this is depends on the nature of the complaints.

-For complex issues, Megatron then uses the same process as for top-down lawmaking, explained in the first few steps of this post. Simple local issues, such as unrepaired infrastructure, are ruled on with no further input - and, the local manager can expect to be looking for a new job.

-Local managers who intentionally do things that can be "reasonably expected to increase the chance of rebellion" are deemed guilty of treason and executed.

-If the reports indicate an urgent situation, Megatron makes an emergency decree without further input, and then fine-tunes it later according to how well it works and how it's going over.


Thanks to DomIntel, Leader Megatron always "magically" knows exactly what kind of legislation is needed, where it's needed, and how it should be implemented. Even though most people have caught onto the fact that saying things in range of known listening spots has a chance of bringing about action, there is still an air of mystery about it. This is because doing that doesn't always result in any action, and most people don't know that this is because there has to be a certain "critical mass" of complaints before anything will happen. The overall effect leaves the population wondering just how Megatron knows exactly when to step in.

[Kanoria]

Note, this is a direct copy from my factbook, but I believe that it answers the question in full, and then some, detailing the entire general process of law except for amendments.

The political system passes laws in the following way:

Any and all members of the Serat-co or Cabinet have the right to propose legislation, this shall be done as follows.

1. A Statement of Principle shall be proposed by a Member alongside a statement of intent.
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2. A vote shall be held to ratify or dismiss that principle and intent in the Serat-co, if passed by simple majority, this is de-facto law, and should be interpreted as such by the Judiciary. If the principal fails this vote, the Serat-co may then chose to dismiss the principal, or to revise the statement.
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3. It is then the Duty of the member that proposed the principal to draft a full bill, in cooperation with the cabinet.
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4. A free vote is then conducted by the in the Serat-co, If a 2/3 majority is not reached, then the Serat-co redrafts the bill, and a vote is again conducted.
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5. Trell'e-co makes recommendations up to three times, Serat-co can accept or refuse these
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6. Mes'Sehna-co may block and make recommendations, passing back to Serat-co as needed, this requires steps 4 and 6 to be repeated.
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7. The text of the bill, having passed all three houses is now law, subject to interpretation. The statement of principal shall be taken as most important in all decisions, baring in mind the statement of intent, apart from where the specific text of the bill contradicts this.

-The withdrawal of Legislation can be done in one of two ways, either a vote can be called by any member of Serat-co to overturn the law on statute, this requires a simple majority in at least two of the three houses, but does not repeal the principal, and an onus is then placed on Serat-co to replace the bill. Alternatively, any member may call for a principal to be overturned, this requires a 2/3 majority in two of the three houses, and repeals all laws that are based upon that principal.

Serat-Co

Serat-co is the most representative of political bodies in Kanoria, the responsibility of drafting legislation lies with this house, any member may move a bill, which will be debated and drafted. This house has primacy on questioning the cabinet, and may block any bill indefinitely. The membership is drawn according to a proportional representation system.

The house also forms Serat-Leis, these are small scrutiny committees that contain members of Serat-co and Trell'e-co, chaired by a member of Serat-co, elected by the committee. Serat-Leis can hold hearings, and even block policy decisions that are suspected of having not been considered in depth. Members of Serat-Leis are selected by vote of the house.

Serat-co representatives are elected once every 4 years.

This house is chaired by a judge and regularly receives representations from both other houses during debates. This house has sole rights to control all governmental aspects of financial policy.

Trell'e-Co

The most controversial of all the political institutions of the Truast Leysa, the middle house of the Sernon system parliaments draws a number of advocates according to demographics and important sectors, and tend to be the most vocal persons representing each, though they are elected by open ballot every 2 years, alternating with Mes'Sehna-co. The house takes advice from Mes'sehna-Co, and has the power to make recommendations on bills, referring a bill back up to three times to the Serat-Co. Advocates have the constituency responsibility and can thus question all of cabinet, including in private, though a record of such meetings must be made and released within six months, this house has second priority to call the cabinet to account.

Meetings between non-representatives in the sectors and politicians outside of a broadcast, official meeting are otherwise banned except in a public consultation.

Mes'sehna-Co

Mes'Sehna-Co is the upper house, the membership of the institution is selected by the fields they represent for being expert by means of a proportional representation system every 2 years. The civil service department of constitutional affairs decides a-politically how many seats each field has to fill.

Mes'sehna-co has two publicly (universally) elected officials, the speaker, who has the role of allocating time and removing corruption, and the grand representative, who relays expert advice from Mes'sehna-co, it's committees, and civil service researchers to the speakers of the other houses and the cabinet.

This house has power to block changes to the law and makes recommendations on every law before it can proceed back to Serat-Co for redrafting (but cannot block or force the redrafting of a statement of principle or intent), if more than 40% of Mes'sehna-co vote for this to happen. The speaker may, with approval from the Jarl and Jarlessar, as well as the majority of the house, declare that expertise in a field is irrelevant to this discussion, if this is done, then experts in that field are excused the vote and discussion.

Just as with the other two houses, this house questions each minister once per week, and makes recommendations on policy one day thereafter on a published paper. It also has the power to summon ministers to account in third priority behind Serat-co and trell'e-co.

None of the peoples in this house may bare any party affiliation.

Cabinet

The cabinet is elected by instant runoff election, every four years, alternating with Serat-Co, with two positions in each department being decided upon. The role of the cabinet is to take all instant actions, set overall implementation policy in each department, as well as non-legal spending priority within their department. The cabinet also proposes policy initiatives outside of their immediate remit for approval by the Serat-co. Ministerial elections take place three months before the end of the previous term of outgoing ministers, the incoming ministers are now considered to have the power, and the outgoing minister trains them for one month on their role.

Candidates must have at least 15 months of experience in a field related to the minister-ship they are running for.

Jarl and Jarlessar

The Jarl and Jarlessar are the elected co-heads of state that hold official responsibility for constitutional affairs where they do not pertain to the office or affairs of the Jarl or Jarlessar, and are officially lead ambassadors, though they are forbidden from direct negotiation. In addition they are charity commissioner of the state.
Eligibility for the role requires being involved in one or more international negotiation, one or more year volunteering in a home charity organisation, and experience advocating for another within contract terms in any context.

Elections are by alternative vote with the Jarl being chosen as the candidate with most votes, and the Jarlessar with second most, and take place five years before an eight year term is due to begin, in order to facilitate four and a half years worth of training for the role. There is a term limit of two terms, totaling sixteen years.

The Jarl and Jarlessar together are the only persons legally able to declare a war, and only with the signed authority from at least twenty of the twenty-four ministers, and after full debates in all three houses, with votes passing in Mes'sehna-co and Serat-co with a margin of 55% or more in both. Though the Jarl and Jarlessar have only ceremonial authority over the peace office or Fólksen Peace keepers.

Skjaldborg Taka Lio is jointly responsible to the Jarlsgude (office of the Jarl and Jarlessar) and tún óðr.

Skjaldborg officials are strictly forbidden entry to sǫk óðr or any influence there of.

The modern election campaign for Jarl and Jarlessar is now conducted by a series of broadcast interviews and challenges designed by the civil service designed to test the competence of the candidates to do the job at hand. The country then has a free vote from the candidates presented.

Politically, the Jarl and Jarlessar are oblidged to speak out in favor of social justice, and are allowed free opinion and speech on all subjects other than foreign affairs that they must remain neutral on, and social justice, as already stated.

By tradition, at the start of a term, the Jarl and Jarlessar would marry, though this is no longer an obligation, and has not happened on two occasions.

A Jarl has ruled alone on one occasion since the democratization of the system, and a Jarlessar on two occasions.

Judicial System

The Truast Leysa shares a unified legal system across all members, operating a civil law system. Even national and local laws make use of the unified system. The system consists of: The supreme court, consisting of 21 senior judges, appointed by a parliamentary committee from within the ranks of judges; Appeal Courts; Various single disciplinary courts (eg Organisational Dispute Court, Property Crimes Court, Criminal Rights Court); and a variety of inter disciplinary courts. All judges other than those in the supreme court are recommended by the supreme court and appointed by an independent panel from the candidates given.

There are unusual concepts in Kanorian law, those of 'None without Fault', 'The Burden of Progress' and 'Reconciliation in Mercy'. These are early and deeply ingrained statements of principal. None Without Fault allows Juries to distribute percentages of blame between various parties involved in a circumstance. Any and all individuals that are declared at fault are then allocated consequence by the sitting Judge. Burden of Progress places an obligation on judges to rule in favour of outcomes that benefit the peoples of the Truast Leysa, regardless of any minor consequence to a party that can bare said consequence, if the consequence would be non-minor, then the judge should balance the benefit to people against the cost to the party. Finally, Reconciliation in Mercy requires that judgments place mercy above vengeance or justice (synonyms in Khanoya), R.I.M. also requires that the judge inform social services of the situation of all parties, and that social services arrange for treatment of negative effects of the initial dispute, the subsequent case, or circumstances directly related there to, the judge must follow up and make sure this has all been done.

Cases are investigated for all, and bought on behalf of the state by the Ráðanýsaduga (Police), which is responsible for all criminal, policing, preventative and public order matters. It co-operates closely with the extensive social services.

[Lalaki]

The Citizenry of Lalaki has two ways of passing legislation.

The first is through the democratically elected council. Representatives propose laws, debate on them, and vote. If a law is passed with a simple majority, it goes on to the President for approval.

The second way is through a direct vote. If a petition advocating for the passage of a law receives one quarter of the signatures of all citizens, it is put on the ballot during the next election cycle. If approved with a simple majority, it becomes the law of the land.

Since the first method is the primary mechanism, Lalaki is classified as a representative democracy in the form of a republic.

[Meridiani Planum]

1) The Constitutional Court in judging the meaning of the Constitution and any of its Amendments.
2) The lower house of parliament may vote in laws, and the upper house may adjust or defeat them.
3) Private arbitration that exists at the lower levels may create its own law, subject to the constraints set by the Constitutional Court.

[Garrisoni]

Anyone can have an idea,if approved by the majority of the people and parliament (so they get represented twice) it can be made a law

[Corunia and Mironor]

Anyone can propose a law. It must pass all 3 houses of parliament (the House of Commons, the Senate, and the House of Lords), and then the First Minister must approve it, but the FM's veto can be overridden by a 2/3 majority vote in all 3 houses.

[Khordosia]

Laws are usually proposed during the sessions of the Council of Nobles. The noble councillors meet with the despot, who listens to all relevant proposals and then decides whether or not to approve or deny the issuing of a new edict. If an edict is issued, a proposal officially becomes law. Being an absolute monarch, the despot can also issue edicts by themselves, which often contain proposals the despot has a personal interest in.

[The Third Nova Terra of Scrin]

Proposal, after that, agreeing of the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary Branches and the declaration of the order.

Laws proposed by the Holy Emperor need to be approved by the Legislative and Judiciary Branches only.

A law can also be made through plebiscite or referendum and is subject to the approval of the Judiciary Branch only.

[Longweather]

Laws in the Imperial Dominion of Longweather are drafted by a member or group of members from either the Orator Court, Council of Lords, Imperial Senate, or a Planetary Council depending on the purview of that body as dictated by the Articles of Empire and the Doctrine of Interstellar Governance. The first three legislatures work on a general/federal level with respect to their laws while the Planetary Councils work on a more local/planetary level. Laws are passed through a vote amongst at least a quorum of the members of the body. Whether they require a simple or super majority depends on the law proposed.

As an interesting side note, the Emperor also holds titles that place him as the nominal head of the three federal legislatures. As the representative of the Executive branch of the Imperial Dominion, he can thus have his staff draft laws that he desires to propose. These laws are often easily passed amongst the Council of Lords and the Orator Court. This is due to their members being solely drawn from the nobility. Many of the High Houses and minor Houses of the Empire seek to earn the favor of the Emperor and House Longweather through this way.

[Geadland]

There are two routes:

1. The Cabinet agrees to a policy.
2. The minister responsible produces a draft bill, with help from civil servants and aides.
3. The Queen, on the instructions on the Cabinet, submits the draft bill to Parliament.
4. The Senate holds its first reading on the bill, to introduce it.
5. The Senate holds its second reading on the bill, the main debate and vote on it.
6. The House of Representatives holds its first reading on the bill, to introduce it.
7. The House of Representatives holds is second reading on the bill, the main debate and vote on it.
8. A joint parliamentary committee exams the bill in detail, proposing any necessary amendments.
9. The House of Representatives holds its third reading, voting on any amendments and its final passage.
10. If any amendments were passed, the Senate
11. The bill is signed into law by the Queen.

The other route is used by a minority of bills, known as Private Member Bills:

1. A member of the House of Representatives draft bill, with help from civil servants and aides.
2. The House of Representatives holds its first reading on the bill, to introduce it.
3. The House of Representatives holds is second reading on the bill, the main debate and vote on it.
4. A joint parliamentary committee exams the bill in detail, proposing any necessary amendments.
5. The House of Representatives holds its third reading, voting on any amendments and its final passage.
6. The Senate holds its first reading on the bill, to introduce it.
7. The Senate holds its second reading on the bill, the main debate and vote on it.
8. The bill is signed into law by the Queen.

[Vandario]

parliament usually handles laws and there is a voting process that is democratic in its own, but the Emperor has final say usually

[Roherst]

laws? what are those? joking we have laws...sort of, most have any official government but there is common law such as the obviously no murder, so thief that sort of thing, and The Law enforces i as well the corporations have their own rules too and enforce them

[-Minorca]

Members of the Generalitat (our legislature) can propose a bill individually, they can propose them as a group, committee or cross-party group, members of the public can petition for a bill or the cabinet can submit one. The bill will then be analysed by the committee it relates to which will propose any necessary amendments. After this, the bill will be read to the Generalitat again to which they will vote on it. Should it be rejected, amendments can be suggested and it can be voted on again in the future. If the motion passes, the Prime Minister will either consent to or veto the motion and then pass it onto the Head of State (the Monarch of the UK) for royal approval.

[Cristosalem]

There are two primary ways laws are passed. The usual way is for the Imperial Senate to make a majority vote on a topic. The second and fastest way is for the Emporer to make a decree, and the law will go into effect.

[Fenfin]

Generally, the law must first be accepted by the Queen, and then it must be voted on by her council. The laws are usually given simple codes for names (ex. G37)
The same process is used for changes to the law.

[Greater Nevadian Empire]

Laws are made by Emperor Johann, Prime Minister Randalson, or the Imperial Legislature. The Emperor must sign all laws. Laws not made by the emperor or prime minister must go through the legislature.

[Living Stones]

The 7 member popularly elected Eldership functions as the cabinet, supreme court, collective head of government, & collective head of state. They decide foreign policy, sign treaties, & interpret the constitution, all by simple majority vote. "Laws" they pass are really just interpretation of the constitution.

The 7 member popularly elected Ministry specifically has jurisdiction over the money supply & subjective laws w/o a constitutional basis which are nonetheless necessary to run society, such as building codes or driving laws. This is also decided by majority vote. If there is controversy over whose jurisdiction a specific bill is, the Eldership decides.

The Ministry is responsible for the day to day running of the Community, while the Elders represent the Community abroad & judge disputes within it. The legislative roles of the Eldership & Ministry are well defined; there has not yet been any controversy over them.