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A new problem with Google Scholar

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The Archregimancy
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A new problem with Google Scholar

Postby The Archregimancy » Mon Nov 24, 2014 9:30 am

If you're a university student, chances are you've come across Google Scholar - and likely used it to try and find an academic source or citation somewhere along the line.

Maybe you shouldn't; or rather, maybe you should be more careful about how you use it.

One of the things I do when I'm not dodging Nazis or hunting down lost holy relics (possibly not wholly true) is edit a reasonably well-regarded peer-reviewed academic journal (entirely true).

Like many academic journals, one of the challenges we face is the increasingly common requirement by funding bodies that that research should be published via some form of open access - ie, made freely available to just about everyone on the internet instead of published in a print academic journal, however prestigious, available only to subscribers or in libraries.

Fortunately, my journal's publishers have managed to find a way to meet both the open access requirement and the prestige of established print journal titles. I won't bore you with the details here (though I can outline them if anyone asks), but it's a fairly neat and simple solution.

The open access demands have led to an extraordinary rise in the number of predatory online open access journals that are little more than scams - often offering to publish your research on receipt of a fee paid to a bank account in India. Sometimes the results are hilarious, such as when the so-called International Journal of Advanced Computer Technology accepted a submission called Get Me Off Your Fucking Mailing List.

Sometimes the results are more problematic - such as when a reputable researcher is named as the 'lead editor' or 'advisory panel member' of a so-called journal he or she hasn't even heard of.

An additional problem here is that Google Scholar doesn't distinguish between articles published in a reputable peer-reviewed journal and those published on predatory junk spam sites:

Google Scholar aims to be comprehensive, indexing articles from as many scholarly appearing journals as possible. On the surface, that goal seems noble, but a closer look reveals a major flaw in the strategy.

Because predatory publishers perform a fake or non-existent peer review, they have polluted the global scientific record with pseudo-science, a record that Google Scholar dutifully and perhaps blindly includes in its central index. Most predatory journals are included in Google Scholar. The database does not sufficiently screen for quality, in my opinion.

Google Scholar works well for known-item searches, for example, when you quickly need to locate a known article or a paper by a known author.

It performs poorly, on the other hand, at finding an article on a specific topic. It doesn’t use controlled vocabularies and includes junk science in its index. If you aren’t an expert, you are unable to separate out the junk science from the authentic science, and both are included one after another in Google Scholar search results. For those seeking the top scholarly literature on a given subject, the best resource is a focused, high-quality, curated database licensed by a library.


http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/11/04/googl ... #more-4371

The problem impacts both the sciences and the humanities; the result is that you can no longer trust Google Scholar to provide you with reputable results if you're searching for citations on a specific topic. It still has its uses if you're searching for articles by a specific author (or, erm, looking for other people's citations of your own work when compiling impact reports), but probably shouldn't be used for topic-specific searches.



Or maybe I'm overestimating the extent to which students today use Google Scholar - do any of you use it? If so, were you aware of the problems?

Or are you all wandering around with cybernetic implants these days? I don't think you are.... essay quality hasn't noticeably improved over the last decade.

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Postby Firsthome » Mon Nov 24, 2014 9:32 am

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Postby Len Hyet » Mon Nov 24, 2014 9:32 am

The Archregimancy wrote:If you're a university student, chances are you've come across Google Scholar - and likely used it to try and find an academic source or citation somewhere along the line.

Maybe you shouldn't; or rather, maybe you should be more careful about how you use it.

One of the things I do when I'm not dodging Nazis or hunting down lost holy relics (possibly not wholly true) is edit a reasonably well-regarded peer-reviewed academic journal (entirely true).

Like many academic journals, one of the challenges we face is the increasingly common requirement by funding bodies that that research should be published via some form of open access - ie, made freely available to just about everyone on the internet instead of published in a print academic journal, however prestigious, available only to subscribers or in libraries.

Fortunately, my journal's publishers have managed to find a way to meet both the open access requirement and the prestige of established print journal titles. I won't bore you with the details here (though I can outline them if anyone asks), but it's a fairly neat and simple solution.

The open access demands have led to an extraordinary rise in the number of predatory online open access journals that are little more than scams - often offering to publish your research on receipt of a fee paid to a bank account in India. Sometimes the results are hilarious, such as when the so-called International Journal of Advanced Computer Technology accepted a submission called Get Me Off Your Fucking Mailing List.

Sometimes the results are more problematic - such as when a reputable researcher is named as the 'lead editor' or 'advisory panel member' of a so-called journal he or she hasn't even heard of.

An additional problem here is that Google Scholar doesn't distinguish between articles published in a reputable peer-reviewed journal and those published on predatory junk spam sites:

Google Scholar aims to be comprehensive, indexing articles from as many scholarly appearing journals as possible. On the surface, that goal seems noble, but a closer look reveals a major flaw in the strategy.

Because predatory publishers perform a fake or non-existent peer review, they have polluted the global scientific record with pseudo-science, a record that Google Scholar dutifully and perhaps blindly includes in its central index. Most predatory journals are included in Google Scholar. The database does not sufficiently screen for quality, in my opinion.

Google Scholar works well for known-item searches, for example, when you quickly need to locate a known article or a paper by a known author.

It performs poorly, on the other hand, at finding an article on a specific topic. It doesn’t use controlled vocabularies and includes junk science in its index. If you aren’t an expert, you are unable to separate out the junk science from the authentic science, and both are included one after another in Google Scholar search results. For those seeking the top scholarly literature on a given subject, the best resource is a focused, high-quality, curated database licensed by a library.


http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/11/04/googl ... #more-4371

The problem impacts both the sciences and the humanities; the result is that you can no longer trust Google Scholar to provide you with reputable results if you're searching for citations on a specific topic. It still has its uses if you're searching for articles by a specific author (or, erm, looking for other people's citations of your own work when compiling impact reports), but probably shouldn't be used for topic-specific searches.



Or maybe I'm overestimating the extent to which students today use Google Scholar - do any of you use it? If so, were you aware of the problems?

Or are you all wandering around with cybernetic implants these days? I don't think you are.... essay quality hasn't noticeably improved over the last decade.

Welp, back to ripping off wikipedia's sources then.
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Postby Czechanada » Mon Nov 24, 2014 9:34 am

JSTOR and ProQuest for life.
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Postby Nova Anglicana » Mon Nov 24, 2014 9:43 am

The Archregimancy wrote:If you're a university student, chances are you've come across Google Scholar - and likely used it to try and find an academic source or citation somewhere along the line.

Maybe you shouldn't; or rather, maybe you should be more careful about how you use it.

One of the things I do when I'm not dodging Nazis or hunting down lost holy relics (possibly not wholly true) is edit a reasonably well-regarded peer-reviewed academic journal (entirely true).

Like many academic journals, one of the challenges we face is the increasingly common requirement by funding bodies that that research should be published via some form of open access - ie, made freely available to just about everyone on the internet instead of published in a print academic journal, however prestigious, available only to subscribers or in libraries.

Fortunately, my journal's publishers have managed to find a way to meet both the open access requirement and the prestige of established print journal titles. I won't bore you with the details here (though I can outline them if anyone asks), but it's a fairly neat and simple solution.

The open access demands have led to an extraordinary rise in the number of predatory online open access journals that are little more than scams - often offering to publish your research on receipt of a fee paid to a bank account in India. Sometimes the results are hilarious, such as when the so-called International Journal of Advanced Computer Technology accepted a submission called Get Me Off Your Fucking Mailing List.

Sometimes the results are more problematic - such as when a reputable researcher is named as the 'lead editor' or 'advisory panel member' of a so-called journal he or she hasn't even heard of.

An additional problem here is that Google Scholar doesn't distinguish between articles published in a reputable peer-reviewed journal and those published on predatory junk spam sites:

Google Scholar aims to be comprehensive, indexing articles from as many scholarly appearing journals as possible. On the surface, that goal seems noble, but a closer look reveals a major flaw in the strategy.

Because predatory publishers perform a fake or non-existent peer review, they have polluted the global scientific record with pseudo-science, a record that Google Scholar dutifully and perhaps blindly includes in its central index. Most predatory journals are included in Google Scholar. The database does not sufficiently screen for quality, in my opinion.

Google Scholar works well for known-item searches, for example, when you quickly need to locate a known article or a paper by a known author.

It performs poorly, on the other hand, at finding an article on a specific topic. It doesn’t use controlled vocabularies and includes junk science in its index. If you aren’t an expert, you are unable to separate out the junk science from the authentic science, and both are included one after another in Google Scholar search results. For those seeking the top scholarly literature on a given subject, the best resource is a focused, high-quality, curated database licensed by a library.


http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/11/04/googl ... #more-4371

The problem impacts both the sciences and the humanities; the result is that you can no longer trust Google Scholar to provide you with reputable results if you're searching for citations on a specific topic. It still has its uses if you're searching for articles by a specific author (or, erm, looking for other people's citations of your own work when compiling impact reports), but probably shouldn't be used for topic-specific searches.



Or maybe I'm overestimating the extent to which students today use Google Scholar - do any of you use it? If so, were you aware of the problems?

Or are you all wandering around with cybernetic implants these days? I don't think you are.... essay quality hasn't noticeably improved over the last decade.


I'm using Google Scholar mainly for education-related topics and occasionally for history. Education is filled with articles that make claims based off of data sets that become all the rage for about a year until the next research comes out. Since the nature of educational research is so fluctuating, you kind of have to take the articles with a grain of salt anyway, so this doesn't affect me so much. In history, most everything is subject to interpretation anyway, so you can either dismiss the claims as junk or accept them and it doesn't matter so much as long as you can support your argument. In history, I prefer to use books anyway. They are more comprehensive. EDIT: JSTOR for historical articles or book reviews, definitely.

For the sciences, I can see how this would be an issue. I wasn't personally aware of any particular issues with Google Scholar, but lack of peer revision and less-than-solid articles being published has been an issue for decades, no? I would hope that people would use their outside prior knowledge to counteract the faulty claims being made. If it doesn't jive with what you know the scientific community thinks, then you need to think really hard before using it.
Last edited by Nova Anglicana on Mon Nov 24, 2014 9:44 am, edited 1 time in total.
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Czechanada
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Postby Czechanada » Mon Nov 24, 2014 9:56 am

The Archregimancy wrote:
Czechanada wrote:JSTOR and ProQuest for life.


<offers secret JSTOR handshake>


<tries to return handshake, end ups fumbling it>
Last edited by Czechanada on Mon Nov 24, 2014 9:56 am, edited 2 times in total.
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The Archregimancy
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Postby The Archregimancy » Mon Nov 24, 2014 9:58 am

Nova Anglicana wrote:For the sciences, I can see how this would be an issue. I wasn't personally aware of any particular issues with Google Scholar, but lack of peer revision and less-than-solid articles being published has been an issue for decades, no? I would hope that people would use their outside prior knowledge to counteract the faulty claims being made. If it doesn't jive with what you know the scientific community thinks, then you need to think really hard before using it.


The problem stems from the flood of open access journals - many of them scams - publishing articles that haven't been peer-reviewed at all that can be linked to by an online search engine that seeks to be comprehensive.

No one who's worked through or managed the peer review process would claim that it's perfect (my own journal excepted, naturally). The history of academic publication is littered with cases of poorly reviewed articles that probably shouldn't have been published by a reputable journal, or by cases of both inadvertent and intentional bias.

The new problem is one of scale. It didn't matter quite so much if Nature or Antiquity published the occasional article they subsequently had to retract. It matters a lot more given the sheer scale of the problem these days. And Google Scholar is collating all of that data without distinguishing between the reputable and the laughable.

Those of us who are specialists in a field can likely distinguish the junk publications and junk data from the serious ones; but there are likely an awful lot of non-specialists searching through Google Scholar who have less of an ability to make that distinction.

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Postby Czechanada » Mon Nov 24, 2014 10:19 am

The Archregimancy wrote: The history of academic publication is littered with cases of poorly reviewed articles that probably shouldn't have been published by a reputable journal, or by cases of both inadvertent and intentional bias.


That's not always a bad thing. It allows everyone (particularly me) to have a shot at getting published. ;)
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Postby Czechanada » Mon Nov 24, 2014 10:26 am

I'm in the midst of helping set up an academic journal myself, so this is a good thing to know. Thanks Arch!
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Postby Vassenor » Mon Nov 24, 2014 10:34 am

Yeah, we were told not to use Google Scholar as well.

Thankfully here we've got access to a lot of more professionally minded databases.
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Postby Avenio » Mon Nov 24, 2014 10:50 am

The Archregimancy wrote:Or maybe I'm overestimating the extent to which students today use Google Scholar - do any of you use it? If so, were you aware of the problems?


I'm an ecology major and have used Google Scholar fairly regularly over the last 3-4 years, but I've come to the conclusion that it's become less useful as I've gotten further in my degree - probably closely matching the rate at which the topics I search get more and more 'niche' and specific. I haven't specifically noticed a problem with junk articles or journals, but that's probably an artifact of the tiny, low-funding field I've found myself in more than anything else. There's not much of a drive to publish bogus articles in a field with less than 200 people in it worldwide, and which probably spends less on its research annually than companies like Google spend on lightbulbs.

With regards to the topic, surely this should be a fairly easy problem for Google to solve? I mean, they weigh searches on their main search engine by 'impact' or popularity all the time, one would think that it would be a simple matter for them to just start weighting journals by the same sorts of metrics, thereby relegating the junk journals to the bottom of the pile and out of sight. Though, I can imagine some journals and organizations getting a bit miffed about Google being the new arbiter of prestige in the academic community...
Last edited by Avenio on Mon Nov 24, 2014 10:53 am, edited 1 time in total.

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Postby Free Detroit » Mon Nov 24, 2014 11:09 am

The Archregimancy wrote:Those of us who are specialists in a field can likely distinguish the junk publications and junk data from the serious ones; but there are likely an awful lot of non-specialists searching through Google Scholar who have less of an ability to make that distinction.


As an academic librarian (and editor, and peer reviewer), I share your concerns, but I have another problem to add to the mix:

Until recently, I worked part-time for a company that provided translation and editing services for Chinese-language scholarly articles. Generally, we would contract with departments at established universities to provide services for their graduate students and faculty; most of the work involved editing papers written in terrible Engrish - no big deal. However, as the company expanded, we started getting more and more submissions from lesser known institutions in China, and it came to light (for me, I'm pretty sure my boss was well aware) that these were papers reporting on research that was never carried out.

I quit very shortly therafter, but have since searched for - and discovered - papers I know to be based on completely artificial data via Google Scholar. Since these papers are written by academics and have been edited by subject specialist editors, I'm not confident that even another specialist could tell they were BS unless they asked pretty deep questions about the content. I'm not sure if they would pass peer review for Nature, but they seem to be doing fine with lesser known journals and OA publications...
Last edited by Free Detroit on Mon Nov 24, 2014 11:11 am, edited 1 time in total.
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Postby United Marxist Nations » Mon Nov 24, 2014 11:14 am

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Postby Cetacea » Mon Nov 24, 2014 11:29 am

The Archregimancy wrote:
Czechanada wrote:JSTOR and ProQuest for life.


<offers secret JSTOR handshake>


JSTOR it is!!!

Now as most undergrads are still going straight to Wikipedia, I'd think that by the time students graduate to Google Scholar they should at least be able to discern possibly legitimate from complete dross. I'd expect this to be something that responsible academics would be teaching and reinforcing (I know that where I work a four week block is spent on 'Academic Writing emphasizing issues of plagiarism, citation, academic sources etc)

Of course as Free Detroit points out it gets harder when even editors and academics can't detect bogus data sets. Should Google be required to audit the journals?

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Postby Old Tyrannia » Mon Nov 24, 2014 11:31 am

I've used Google Scholar in the past, but mostly I rely on Web of Science. I seem to remember a lecturer warning me against using Google Scholar, but I was not really aware of the existence of predatory journals like this before. To the lowly undergraduate, a journal is a journal, and if it's an ostensibly peer-reviewed journal you sort of naïvely assume it must be a legitimate source. I will be sure to keep this in mind in future.
Cetacea wrote:
The Archregimancy wrote:
<offers secret JSTOR handshake>


JSTOR it is!!!

I use JSTOR occasionally. Am I allowed to join the secret society of JSTOR users? :p
And I'll have you know that I never hardly ever very rarely use Wikipedia to find sources.
Last edited by Old Tyrannia on Mon Nov 24, 2014 11:34 am, edited 1 time in total.
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Postby Lordieth » Mon Nov 24, 2014 11:33 am

Not much different from vanity publishing, really. As always, do your research on your source before ever considering handing over money.
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Postby Aksun » Mon Nov 24, 2014 11:43 am

That's why I use my university's Lexis Nexus and Criminal Justice Abstracts. I use the resources my college provides... I thought everybody did that.
Last edited by Aksun on Mon Nov 24, 2014 11:51 am, edited 1 time in total.

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Postby Vassenor » Mon Nov 24, 2014 11:44 am

Cetacea wrote:Now as most undergrads are still going straight to Wikipedia, I'd think that by the time students graduate to Google Scholar they should at least be able to discern possibly legitimate from complete dross. I'd expect this to be something that responsible academics would be teaching and reinforcing (I know that where I work a four week block is spent on 'Academic Writing emphasizing issues of plagiarism, citation, academic sources etc)


Something that was drilled into our heads in our very first lecture was never ever to use Wikipedia. EVER.
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Postby Old Tyrannia » Mon Nov 24, 2014 11:51 am

Vassenor wrote:
Cetacea wrote:Now as most undergrads are still going straight to Wikipedia, I'd think that by the time students graduate to Google Scholar they should at least be able to discern possibly legitimate from complete dross. I'd expect this to be something that responsible academics would be teaching and reinforcing (I know that where I work a four week block is spent on 'Academic Writing emphasizing issues of plagiarism, citation, academic sources etc)


Something that was drilled into our heads in our very first lecture was never ever to use Wikipedia. EVER.

This is generally drilled into students' heads at school level or even earlier, but I've still seen people relying on it.
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Postby Aksun » Mon Nov 24, 2014 11:51 am

Vassenor wrote:
Cetacea wrote:Now as most undergrads are still going straight to Wikipedia, I'd think that by the time students graduate to Google Scholar they should at least be able to discern possibly legitimate from complete dross. I'd expect this to be something that responsible academics would be teaching and reinforcing (I know that where I work a four week block is spent on 'Academic Writing emphasizing issues of plagiarism, citation, academic sources etc)


Something that was drilled into our heads in our very first lecture was never ever to use Wikipedia. EVER.


That and how to use the university's databases... 3 years of the SAME lecture will make you smack your head against the wall. At least we get it now... :palm:

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Postby United Marxist Nations » Mon Nov 24, 2014 3:06 pm

Vassenor wrote:
Cetacea wrote:Now as most undergrads are still going straight to Wikipedia, I'd think that by the time students graduate to Google Scholar they should at least be able to discern possibly legitimate from complete dross. I'd expect this to be something that responsible academics would be teaching and reinforcing (I know that where I work a four week block is spent on 'Academic Writing emphasizing issues of plagiarism, citation, academic sources etc)


Something that was drilled into our heads in our very first lecture was never ever to use Wikipedia. EVER.

I would think it would be good to make a distinction between using it as a source, and using it as a reference bank of sources. Wiki itself isn't a source at all, but many of its pages are contain footnotes which lead to good sources, oftentimes academic journals that would have been harder to find without it. It would be silly to use wiki as a source, because it isn't one, it is a summary of topics that has links which lead to sources of the information it uses. Based on the previous sentence, one could make the argument that Wiki is basically a giant version of college research assignment.
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Postby Margno » Mon Nov 24, 2014 3:45 pm

Aw, is Google Scholar costing your journal a lot of money? Would it help if I used JSTOR instead?
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Tierra Prime
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Postby Tierra Prime » Mon Nov 24, 2014 3:53 pm

So the Byzantine history I've learned from Wikipedia is now credible?

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Postby Geilinor » Mon Nov 24, 2014 4:53 pm

I used Google Scholar once and I couldn't find what I was looking for.
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